Breast Cancer Staging At Cancer And The International...

Breast Cancer Staging â€Å"Breast cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union for Cancer Control classification system for tumor, nodes, and metastases (TNM)† (Esserman, 2013). The first part of the tumor staging system, as seen in Table 2, assesses that of the primary tumor itself by means of clinical breast exam and imaging studies and is represented by the letter â€Å"T† on the staging table. Mammogram is an essential part of assessing the primary tumor, however other modalities previously discussed including ultrasound and MRI is often essential (Esserman, 2013). Evaluating lymph nodes surrounding the breast is a crucial component of staging and is thought to be one of the most important aspects in relation to prognosis. The letter â€Å"N† on the staging table represents this component. It is also of utmost importance to evaluate the nodes by radiologic means because physical examination alone is indetermi nate of metastasis. The last component is metastasis, represented by an â€Å"M† on the staging table. Often, many patients with breast cancer are diagnosed with the cancer confined to the breast and without node involvement. In that case, those patients are not often evaluated or staged for the presence of metastatic disease. However, those that do present with signs and symptoms of metastatic disease or with locally advanced cancer (T3 or greater, N2 or N3, M0) are evaluated for this component (Esserman, 2013). AdjuvantShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of The Mammary Gland9524 Words   |  39 PagesIntroduction 1. Normal mammary gland 1.1 normal mammary gland anatomies The normal breast sits on the chest muscle, consisting mainly of adipose tissue, also known as mammary fat pad. The mature mammary gland is composed of 15-20 lobes, which are each composed of smaller structure called lobules. Tiny Lactiferous ducts connect lobules to each other. (Fig. 1b) (Schneider and Bocker). A typical structure of duct is composed of a hollow lumen, enclosed by a layer of epithelial luminal cells that produceRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesabilities that help you get someones point, generate reasons for your own point, evaluate the reasons given by others, decide what or what not to do, decide what information to accept or reject, explain a complicated idea, apply conscious quality control as you think, and resist propaganda. Your most important critical thinking skill is your skill at making judgments─not snap judgments that occur in the blink of an eye, but those that require careful reasoning. You are not reasoning logically ifRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesNew York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerningRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespublishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction , storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department

Urgent Need for Renewable Energy Free Essays

string(166) " The main compound responsible for the ozone layer depletion is Chlorofluorocarbon \(CFC\) commonly found in refrigerants used in air conditioners and refrigerators\." Introduction In today’s world the most important thing human’s need is electricity. Without electricity most of the modern equipment would not work. Similarly fuel is needed to power transportation devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Urgent Need for Renewable Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Natural recourses such as coal, oil and natural gas are the basis for producing energy for all kinds of devices. Due to the extensive use of these resources they now face extinction. These resources are classified as non-renewable resources. In this report we will discuss different types of resources which can be used as a replacement for producing sustainable energy and also the effects on the environment by burning the carbon based resources. Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy which is derived from natural resources such as the sun, wind, tides, streams, rivers, biomass etc. Renewable energy is naturally replenished; it is sustainable energy and does not harm the environment. About 19% of the world’s electricity requirements are met by renewably energy. The different types of renewable energy are: Solar Energy Solar energy is obtained from the sun. Sun is a source of light and heat for all living things. It provides energy for photosynthesis, the process of plants creating oxygen. Solar energy can be harnessed and converted to electricity by using solar panels. Sun is also directly or indirectly responsible for most forms of renewable energy requirements, for example – heat causes wind which intern causes tidal energy. Sunlight causes tree growth some of which contribute for biomass energy. Hydropower Hydropower is obtained from the force of water flowing downstream. Water is continuously recycled by the environmental cycle of precipitation and evaporation. This cycle cause water to evaporate and fall back down to earth in the form of rain which makes the rivers flow. This water is also stored in dams which are used all around the world to generate electricity by turbines and generators. Also energy can be obtained from tides and ocean waves which can be harnessed to produce electricity. Biomass Energy The most common source of biomass energy is wood. But other sources such as food crops, plants, agriculture and industrial waste, organic municipal components are also used around the world for producing energy. Biomass can also be converted to biofuel which can be used as an alternative to petrol and diesel to run vehicles and heavy machinery. Hydrogen Hydrogen is one of the most common on our planet. However, it is mostly found in combinations with other element in nature. For example – water is two part hydrogen and one part oxygen. Hydrogen is a very good source of renewable energy however the technology needed to extract this element is still in its early stages. Currently the most common way of extracting hydrogen is steam hydrocarbons and reforming. Other methods include thermolysis and electrolysis. Geothermal Energy The heat from the earth’s core produces steam and hot water which can be used generate electricity, or for other purposes like home heating and generating power in factories. Geothermal energy can be obtained by digging deep underground reservoirs. Wind Energy Wind energy is the conversion of the power of wind to electricity. Wind energy has been used for over thousands of years to operate mechanical process such as pumping water, grinding, milling etc. to harness wind energy wind farms are created onshore or offshore, wherever there is abundant of wind energy available by using wind turbines. A wind turbine is a machine which converts the wind’s kinetic energy into rotatory motion to by using generators to produce electricity. Wind energy is harnessed in many countries including India, Germany, Denmark and the United States. Reasons for Using Renewable Energy Sources: Using renewable energy saves the environment from the harmful effects of greenhouse gases released in the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels. There is abundant of resources available that are required for renewables such as the sun, water and wind e available all around the world and thus the cost of setting up the base is significantly reduced which provides a good opportunity for developing nations. Renewable energy resources do not cause military conflicts among nations unlike fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources are Inexhaustible i. e. unlike fossil fuels they get replenished quickly. Using renewable resources we can save fossil fuels for future generations for more valuable means. Harnessing renewables also creates job opportunities in new fields of science and technology. The Fossil Fuel Dilemma Burning of fossil fuels for meeting our energy requirements causes side effects which are becoming a major concern for environmentalists. These side effects include the creation of carbon dioxide, the top greenhouse gas and contributor to global warming. Also ozone layer depletion and Acid rain are a major concern relating to the environment. Due to the burning of fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect the average temperature has risen by one degree Fahrenheit (1 °F). Acid rain The principal cause of acid rain is the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere which then react with water molecules to produce acidic compounds. Major contributor to this is human activities such as power and electricity generation. Coal power plants are a major cause to producing these gasses. The natural phenomenon causing acid rain is the emission of acidic gases from volcanos. Ozone layer depletion The ozone layer is a layer in the earth’s atmosphere located about 20 to 30 kilometers above sea level. The ozone layer contains a high concentrate of the gas ozone (O3). The ozone layer’s importance is that it absorbs 97 – 99% of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation, which can damage all forms of life on earth. These ultraviolet rays are the main cause of sunburns and excess exposure to this can cause skin cancer. The ozone layer is steadily declining by about 4% per decade from the earth’s stratosphere. The most significant tear in the earth’s ozone layer is over the Polar Regions namely Antarctica. This phenomenon is called the ‘Ozone Hole’. The main compound responsible for the ozone layer depletion is Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) commonly found in refrigerants used in air conditioners and refrigerators. You read "Urgent Need for Renewable Energy" in category "Essay examples" Due to the Ozone Hole over Antarctica polar ice caps are melting which is causing the rise in sea levels, leading to natural disasters such as floods in many parts of the world. Global Warming Global warming has become in today’s world perhaps the most complicated issue faced by the world leader. Scientific bodies present warnings for the increasing danger from global warming and ongoing buildup of greenhouse gasses produced mainly by burning of fossil fuels and forests. What is Global warming? Global warming is the heating of the earth surface and increase in its average temperature that causes corresponding climate change and it may result from greenhouse effect. This idea was first proposed by Nobel Price-Winning chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1896. He speculated that continued burning of fossil fuels would result in the increase in the earth temperature making it warmer (Global Warming Climate Change, 2012). What Causes of Global Warming? Scientists have examined all the factors that can affect the Earth’s temperature. Three essential factors can be responsible for recent rapid global warming. These are namely The Sun, Earth’s reflectivity and Greenhouse gases. Out of these three major factors greenhouse effect causes contributes the most to the process. 1. The Sun: As we all know sun is a huge ball of fire. All the climate changes are powered by the sun. It could have played an important role in heating up the temperature of the earth. Studies show that since 1985, the sun has changed in ways that if anything, it should have cooled the planet. Therefore sun alone does not cause global warming. 2. Earth’s reflectivity: Earth’s atmosphere traps 70% of the sun’s energy and reflects the remaining back into space. Changes in how much sunlight is absorbed and reflected may change global temperatures. Scientists have calculated how earth’s reflectivity has changed over time. These suggest that a particular type of pollution especially sulfur-containing particles have had a cooling effect masking the effects of greenhouse gases. Since the industrialization of countries, they began to clean up this pollutant and increase their greenhouse emissions. 3. Greenhouse gases: All scientific evidence point towards one factor only that is greenhouse gases. It is responsible for the rise in global temperature. Greenhouse gases are many chemical compounds found in the earth’s atmosphere. They allow sunlight into the earth’s atmosphere freely. This sunlight when reflected back towards the space by earth in the form of infrared radiation (heat). The greenhouse gases absorb the infrared radiation and trap the heat in earth’s atmosphere. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas as well as wood contribute mainly to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (How we know human activity is causing warming, 2012). Climate change Assessments generally suggest that the Earth’s climate has warmed over the past century and that human activity affecting the atmosphere is likely an important driving factor. A National Research Council study dated May 2001 stated, â€Å"Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and sub-surface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures are, in fact, rising. The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability. † (Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy, 2004) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) was founded in 2009 with the support of World Wind Energy Association and Hermann Scheer the president of EUROSOLAR and chair of the World Council for Renewable Energy. It is a worldwide governmental organization and It’s primary focus is to promote widespread use of renewable energy in all forms with a view of sustainable development. At the Preparatory Commission meeting Abu Dhabi was elected as interim headquarters of the Agency. Its main aim is to promote the use of renewable energy and reduce the emission greenhouse gases in the environment. IRENA provides advice and support to governments of both industrialized and developing countries on renewable energy policy, capacity building, and technology transfer (irena. org, 2012). Policies for renewable energies in India: Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources: India’s search for renewable resources that would lead to sustainable development started in early 70’s. Realising the need for concentrated efforts in this segment, the Indian Government established a Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in the Department of Science and Technology in 1981. The directive of CASE is to promote research and development activities in the field of renewable energy. CASE was formally incorporated in 1982, in the recently created Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES). In 1992 DNES became the Ministry for Non-conventional Energy Sources, commonly known as MNES. The Prime Minister of India has declared a target of 10% share for Renewable Energy or 10,000 MW in the power generation capacity to be added during the period up to 2012. The broad objectives predicted in the policy are: Achieving the minimum energy requirements via Renewable energy. †¢Providing decentralised energy supply in agriculture, industry, commercial and household sectors in rural and urban areas. †¢Providing grid quality power. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission: The main goal of this mission is to establish India as the global leader in solar energy. This mission was officially launched Manmohan Singh, the prime minister of India. It is a three phase mission where the 1st phase starts from 2012-2013, 2nd phase from 2013-2017 and 3rd phase from 2017-2022. http://www. nri. org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/policy_material_section_3. pdf) Policies for Renewable resources in US: Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS): It aims and requires electricity providers to provide a stated amount of customer electricity through renewable resources. Public Benefits Funds for Renewable Energy: These are a pool of resources used by the country to provide and invest renewable energy supply projects. These funds are generated by charging a small amount on consumer’s electricity charges which is called system benefits charge. Output based environmental regulations: It establishes emission restrictions per unit of any productive energy output, with a aim of controlling air pollution and encouraging renewable energy. Net Metering: It allows the customers whether residential or commercial who produce their own renewable energy/electricity such as solar energy to get compensation for the energy/electricity they produce. This requires electricity providers to ensure that customer’s electricity meter exactly track how much power or electricity is consumed on location/site or reverted to electricity grid. When the electricity produced on location isn’t used then it is reverted to the grid; when on location production isn’t enough to meet the customer’s need, then the customer uses electricity from the grid. So, surplus electricity is reverted back to the customer at a later stage/time when they else would have paid for it. Financial Incentives: Such incentives are provided in some states to encourage the development of renewable resources/energy such as tax credits, grants and loans. (http://www. epa. gov/statelocalclimate/state/topics/renewable. html) Polices for Renewable resources in Australia: Renewable Energy Target: RET is divided in two portions, The large scale renewable energy target and small scale renewable energy target. These targets make a financial incentive for investment in renewable energy sources through the formation and trade of certificates. Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA): ARENA is a Commonwealth authority which supports innovation that advances the renewable resources/energy technologies which would lead to the increasing supply renewable energy in Australia. (http://australia. gov. au/topics/environment-and-natural-resources/energy) Policies for Renewable resources in UAE: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has announced that Abu Dhabi has the target of achieving 7% renewable energy power generation capacity by the year 2020. Abu Dhabi has committed over $15 billion in renewable energy programs. Masdar City Initiative: Established in 2006, Masdar is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Abu Dhabi Government owned Mubadala Development Company. Masdar is a renewable energy company that functions within the growing sector of renewable energy and sustainable technologies, as well across the technology development and commercialization spectrum. It focuses in 100% renewable energy, developing a carbon neutral city, zero waste, and being the centre of excellence in sustainable technology. REFERENCES Ecology 2011, Fossil Fuels vs. Renewable Energy Resources, Retrieved on July 19, 2012 from http://www. ecology. com/2011/09/06/fossil-fuels-vs-renewable-energy-resources/ Global Warming Climate Change 2012, Retrieved on July 26, 2012 from http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index. html Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy 2004, Retrieved on July 25, 2012 from http://www. eia. gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1. html Green energy choice 2012, Renewable Energy: What are My Options? , Retrieved on July 18, 2012 from http://www. greenenergychoice. com/green-guide/renewable-energy-types. html How we know human activity is causing warming 2012, retrieved on July 20, 2012 from http://www. edf. org/climate/human-activity-causes-warming jcmiras. net 2010, Why renewable energy? , Retrieved on July 18, 2012 from http://www. jcmiras. net/jcm/item/31/ Statute 2012, Retrieved on July 26, 2012 from http://www. irena. org/home/index. aspx Wikipedia 2012, Ozone depletion, Retrieved on July 20, 2012 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ozone_depletion How to cite Urgent Need for Renewable Energy, Essay examples

Strength of HBMSU Mission and Vision-Free-Samples for Students

Question: By using the data file attached and the choices in the table that related to mission and vision criteria and characteristics, Write explanation why you think Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University is ranked #1 among the other universities. Answer: Introduction Mission, vision, and values are one of the most integral terms for any of the business organization. Without the individual practicalities of the strong values that are demonstrated by a vision and commenced by a mission, an organization cannot become successful (Tallant 2009). The below-executed analysis has been focused on the significance of vision and mission statement of Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University. Strength of HBMSU mission and vision On the basis of the analysis, it has been observed that the vision statement of HBMSU determines that the leading the smart learning innovation for re-engineering the future and scope of education that is targeted at the development of individuals, firms, and society. Focusing on organizations and society with the individuals is one of the strengths of the vision statement of the university (Johnson, 2016). The entity is making use of smart techniques and innovative ideas for the learning process and this is also one of the strengths of the vision statement. The future target set is precise and is distinct, ambition, challengeable and motivational. These aspects will aid and assist the individuals in advancing the future and thus has been considered as the strength of the firm. According to the mission statement, the university is an academic enterprise that is enabling knowledge creation and implementation by adopting innovations, transformation, and disruptions. The other aspects t hat are considered as the strength of the firm are a provision of life-long learning opportunities, intellectually stimulating learning experiences and also have a wide range of skilled faculty, staff, learners, and graduates. Weakness of HBMSU mission and vision One of the biggest weaknesses of the vision statement is that the entity is only focusing on the smart techniques of learning. The university should maintain a balance between contemporary and traditional means of learning (David, David David, 2014). Making use of traditional mediums and mechanisms of learning will bring improvements in the learning process. The mission of the university is made only focused towards the community; no responsibilities are mentioned towards the social and environmental aspects and this one of the weakness. For improving this, an entity should organize some programs considering some social cause and environmental aspects. Special about HBMSU as compared to others One of the biggest specialties of HBMSU is that the organization is focusing on smart learning innovations so as to re-engineer future of the individuals, organization and the communities (Malphurs, 2015). This learning system is a distinct one and is different from the other two mentioned universities. Moreover, the university is having a precise future target that is developing the individuals with ambitions, challengeable and motivational values that is one of the specialties of the organization. Competitive advantage On the basis of a detailed analysis, it has been clearly observed that the HBMSU is having the number of aspects on which the university is standing apart from the competing universities. The vision statement is one of the grounds on which the organization is able to sustain in the competitive environment. For instance, it has been clearly stated in the vision statement that the university has accurate future targets that are distinct, ambitious, challengeable, and motivational. All the components are making the vision of HBMSU powerful one and are also assisting in gaining competitive advantage. Comparison with ADU mission and vision HBMSU ADU Vision: Smart learning innovation for re-engineering future of education that is targeted at developing individuals, communities, and organizations and has precise future targets that are distinct, ambitious, challengeable, and motivational. Vision: The vision statement is focused on the providing quality education and applied research that is driving social and economic advancement in the regions and all over the globe (Adu 2018). Mission: Becoming an academic enterprise that is enabling knowledge creation and implementation by adopting innovations, transformation and disruptions and offering long-term learning opportunities, intellectually stimulating learning experiences for the individuals. Mission: Producing highly qualified, skilled and career-oriented graduates along with the regional and international requirements by excelling in teaching, providing scholarships to faculties, and involvement in community development. The key elements of the organization are the innovative and smart learning techniques and precise future goals for the individuals and these elements are aiding the business entity in attaining competitive advantage. Whereas ADU is only focusing towards offering quality educational services with driving economic and social advancement. And this is the reason due to which the university is in 2nd rank. Comparison with Sharjah mission and vision HBMSU Sharjah Mission: Developing image as an academic organization that enables creation and implementation of knowledge by associating innovations, transformation and disruptions and it also offers long-term learning opportunities, intellectually influencing the experiences of the individuals. Mission: The mission of the university is offering its students with educational facilities and long run learning experiences of best quality by making use of comprehensive mediums such as excellent academic and professional courses and also by encouraging creativity (Sharjah 2018). Vision: Learning revolution for re-developing and modifying the future of education and this is aimed at advancing candidates, societies and administrations and havea accurate future targets that are distinct, ambitious, challengeable, and motivational. Vision: One of the recognized brand among most reputable and comprehensive universities and is also well-known for its excellence in learning and teaching and providing sustainable academic programs. The business organization has developed a distinct image of an academic institution that is fostering generation and development of knowledge is also associated and this is one of the prime characters that are enabling the firm to enjoy a leading position. Whereas, the Sharjah university is only focused in offering the individuals with set of quality educational services for long run experiences by making comprehensive mechanisms and due to which the entity is at 3rd rank. References Adu, (2018). About ADU, Assessed on 24th February 2018, https://www.adu.ac.ae/. David, M. E., David, F. R., David, F. R. (2014). Mission statement theory and practice: A content analysis and new direction. International Journal of Business, Marketing, Decision Science, 7(1). Johnson, G. (2016). Exploring strategy: text and cases. Pearson Education. Malphurs, A. (2015). Developing a vision for ministry. Baker Books. Sharjah, (2018). About uos, Assessed on 24th February 2018, https://www.sharjah.ac.ae/en/Pages/default.aspx. Tallant, (2009). Importance of mission, vision and values in strategic direction, Assessed on 24th Febraury 2018, https://www.grin.com/document/167258.

Total Quality Management a Literature Review free essay sample

An employee, through being continuously engaged is in an ideal position to make an active contribution to continuous improvement. (Roberts, 1993) 2. The development of Total Quality Management At the conclusion of World War II American business enjoyed a dominant position within the global market. Industry within the U. S. A. was at its pinnacle while other nations were beginning the long and arduous journey to economic and industrial recovery. During this period American companies shifted their focus from yield and quality to other factors such as finance, marketing and restructuring the organisation. Petersen, 1999) Demand for consumer products had intensified. This was attributed to the scant availability of such items during the years of the war. Order books were full, and quality was of little importance while there were orders to fill. (Rayworth, 1993). It was at this time during the American occupation that Deming arrived in Japan. During this time he became acquainted with me mbers of the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers. We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management a Literature Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1950 Deming was invited to speak at the Industry club by the president of the Federation of Economic Organisations, Ichiro Ishikawa. Leitner, 1999). As a result of his speech Deming was invited to present a series of lectures advocating his management theories. During the first such lecture Deming told his audience that if they followed his ideas they would be able to compete with other nations within 5 years. What appeared to be a simple message was music to the ears of forlorn and vanquished Japanese. One industry leader who had attended the lecture heeded Deming’s advice and within a few months saw his companies productivity rise by 30 per cent. Similar results were also noticed amongst other companies. Less than 12 months after Deming’s initial speech the Japanese created the eminent Deming prize. This award remains the highest form of recognition that a Japanese company can obtain. In 1954 Juran arrived in Japan and began to teach his own ideas on quality. Along with Feigenbaum, who published his book ‘Total Quality Control’ The quality movement was beginning to gain momentum. (McKenna, 1995) But it wasn’t until 1980 when the NBC produced a documentary titled, If Japan Can, Why Can’t We? – did the quality movement really take off. Osborn, 1990) Forms of quality management emerged during the 80’s in many manufacturing and service-sector companies, followed in the 90’s by public and welfare based organisations. (Tuckman, 1994). Today there are many awards associated with quality. The most recognised of these being the US Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, the European Quality Award, the Japanese Deming Prize, the Canadian Quality Award and the Australian Quality Award. Together these awards represent a large proportion of global production of goods and services and account for over 70% of Gross national product across the planet. (Stading Vokurka, 2003). . Defining Total Quality Management There are many and varied thoughts about how to define TQM. Dellana Hauser (1999) identify an absence of consistency among studies on quality when attempting to define TQM. Boaden (1997) discusses the difficulty of trying to define TQM but acknowledges the importance in attempting to do so because TQM as a subject is now being taught in learning institutions. Patel (1993) agrees and cites definitions created by various authors before contending that TQM is a process that recognises that quality should be the primary focus, and the mission statement of the company should reflect this. TQM enables organisations to obtain a high degree of differentiation and to reduce costs. In an article contained within the TQM magazine, Popplewell and Aghaie (1997) cite the British Standards Institute definition. â€Å"A management philosophy embracing all activities through which the needs and expectations of the customer, the community and the objectives of the organisation are satisfied in the most efficient and cost effective way by maximising the potential of all employees in a continuing drive for improvement†. TQM is assumed to have been derived as a means of advancing Feigenbaum’s notion of total quality control (TQC). Feigenbaum views TQC as an efficient method ensuring quality in areas of development and maintenance. Improvement is combined to promote positive economic performance while still offering satisfaction to the customer. TQM pushes that envelope to include both the design of the product and its delivery to the client while incorporating other philosophies such as empowerment and teamwork. (McAndrew Ehigie, 2005) 4. Benefits of Total Quality Management Khan (2003) cites improvements in productivity, revenue, market-share and profits by companies that adopted TQM practices. These companies included; 3M, Motorola, Xerox, Solectron and Granite Rock Inc. In a survey given to 770 companies Mann Kehoe (1994) published results that further quantified positive results of TQM implementation. Areas of improvement included supplier relationship, process, policy deployment and customer relationship. Chiu, Chang Chen (2010) state by using TQM within the Human Resource context it leads to increased loyalty and satisfaction amongst its employees. Moreover, improved business performance is not limited by the scale of the organisation. This hints at the flexibility and durability of TQM. (Emery Barker, 2006). Competitive advantage can be gained and a company’s competitive capability can be enhanced when implementing an effective TQM process. (Zaim, Demirbag , Tekinkus Tatoglu, 1996). 5. Problems with Total Quality Management We have already considered the difficulty in attempting to define TQM, but what other issues are there to face when considering TQM? Numerous studies have shown that less than half of companies who have attempted to adopt a TQM approach have enjoyed any form of success. (Loomis, 1998). The picture painted by Gatchalian (1997) is even bleaker. She reports that the success rate of companies implicating TQM is as low as 20-35 per cent. The main reasons for failure were uncertain implementation processes, waning enthusiasm for the concept, deficient levels of empowerment on all levels, ineffective communication strategies through lack of planning and newly formed teams failing to act in a co-ordinated fashion. Noronha (2003) cites failure can be linked to a culture clash where TQM processes imported from other countries do not marry well with local society. He offers China as a prime example. Although all of these reasons are contributing factors in the potential shortcomings of successful TQM implementation, the overwhelming theme discovered through research points to the role that senior management plays in the failure of TQM. Senior managers have been found to be ignorant, pragmatic, apathetic and scared of embracing and implementing TQM throughout the organisation. (Gatchalian, 2007; Moghaddam Moballeghi, 2008; Chiu, 1999; Cooper Phillips, 1995). 6. 6Keys to successfully implementing an effective TQM strategy While acknowledging what factors can lead to the failure of TQM practices Gatchalian (1997) points to ingredients for success such as information sharing, effective communication process, education and involving everybody within the organisation. Rad (2006) places the emphasis on the senior manager stating that they are required to ensure compliance to TQM principles and values in all parts of their organisation. These include organisational structure, education, communication, process, procedure and compensation strategies. While Holder Walker (1993) argue that middle managers hold the key through understanding the importance of employee empowerment, strategic planning, performance measuring and displaying an empathy for the requirements of the customer. Employing measurement against performance factors is important to ensure continuous improvement and provide the opportunity to re-evaluate should the need arise. (Oakland, 2004, p. 446). Motwani (2001) lists Senior Management commitment, workforce empowerment and training, performance measuring, process management and customer satisfaction as five aligned factors that contribute to successful implementation. Gaining official accreditation through ISO 9000 is also seen as a method of implementing a successful TQM strategy. (Meegan, 1997; Najmi Kehoe, 2000) But what is ISO 9000? They are a collection of inclusive standards devised by an international group of specialised professionals to guarantee conformity in service and product by providing certification of the processes utilised to produce them. (Oslund Staff Writer, 1993) These standards define what the quality system should be and the levels that an organisation must aspire to in order to assure the client of a satisfying product. Bhuian, 1998) However Hansen et al (2004) warn these standards provide a guide on what to do but not how to do them and conclude by stating that ISO 9000 guides towards assurance which does not automatically translate to improved performance. Gotzamani Tsiotras (2002) apply a more sinister reason for companies striving for accreditation. They argue that accredited companies will declare that their motive in achieving certification is to satisfy their customers and improve quality. However the true reasons are more likely linked to competitors’ accreditation, supplier demands and customer expectations. While there appears to be much conjecture on how to successfully implement TQM into the workplace, there are common themes. A need for total commitment to TQM from senior management, effective process management, effective communication and employee empowerment and education are all viewed as essential components of a successful TQM strategy. It is somewhat ironic that despite the mountain of literature produced and research available, the preceding factors listed as dependant on success are four of the core values (Kruger, 2001) contained within Deming’s 14 point approach. Future Research 7. Conclusion 8. Reference list:

Management in Coca Cola Company

Management in Coca Cola Company Introduction Technology has turned the world into a global village. The world has been turned into a single large market that offers limitless opportunities to various multi-nationals. This limitless opportunity comes with limitless uncertainties in equal measure.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Management in Coca Cola Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The global market, large as it is, is as varied as its size. A customer in location A may require a product that is exactly opposite to the requirements of customer at location B. If this particular company operates in both locations, then it must respond to the varying needs in a manner that would leave both the customers satisfied. The current world market has customers who are well informed. They know exactly what to expect from the products they purchase. This has seen many firms give quality a priority. Firms are assuming market orientation to thei r production. The customers’ needs determine what the firm produces and how it produces it. This brings to focus, the issue of Total Quality Management. Kitazawa and Sarkis (2000) define Total Quality Management as an integrated organizational effort designed to improve quality at every level. This means that quality is not a preserve of any department, but a duty of all the departments in any organization. Coca Cola Company manufactures soft drinks that have many close substitutes in the market. The level of competition in this industry is so stiff that any slight customer dissatisfaction can have devastating effects to the company. This company experienced technological mismatch in its top management operating overseas. The company for a long time preferred to maintain the employees at the top brass. This has seen the company limited to individuals who are less technologically advanced. With the changes brought about by technology, this company had to restructure its manage ment to reflect on these changes. It is in so doing that it could successfully achieve the specifications of Total Quality Management. Analysis of the Organization’s Concern and its Response Coca Cola Company was concerned with their declining sales volume in some of its overseas markets. Research revealed that the root cause of this was the failure of the management to integrate technology into their system.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research further reported that the reason for this slow response to technology was caused by the fact that those who were to effect the technological changes had limited knowledge about the same. These individual could not withstand the pressures that was being exerted by these changes and therefore preferred to stick to the old ways of doing things. A case in point was that the aging staffs were not able to appreciate the potentials of the social media. They regarded it as a forum where ‘lazy’ youths would go to burn their time as they discuss matters irrelevant to development. This view was highly misplaced. The highest percentage of consumers of this brand’s product is the youth. When on the playing ground, at school, at home or even on tour with friends, this group will always require a drink to ‘keep them away from thirst’. With emergence of social networks like Tweeter, Facebook, Flirk, You Tube and others, this attractive segment can easily be accessed online. Facebook has a staggering 500 million users across the world. You Tube has 400 million users. Tweeter and others make up to another 500 million users (Treadaway, 2010). It therefore becomes very disturbing if a management can fail to realize the potential that such networks offer. With the fact that other competitors like Pepsi are actively using this media, the management had all the reason s to worry. Tom Peters in his Chaos theory argues that global events are chaotic and random and this is directly reflected in the organization systems. This theory suggests that the world is so full of paradox and some unpredictable changes that management must always be prepared to deal with them in a manner that the effect will be positive to the firm. Technology has brought with it many of such changes that management must restructure its systems to match the changes. Social media is one such change. Failure to act to its presence would translate to the loss of the opportunities that comes with it (Treadaway, 2010). The consequence that this failure to act may bring is so great that a company like Coca Cola may not afford. According to this theory, if such a situation is not arrested in time, it will lead to a complete breakdown of the system and that may be the end of that particular firm.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Management in Coca Cola Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is upon this backdrop that Coca Cola was forced to act on its management for it was clear that it was unable to arrest the situation and save the company from the looming danger. The company therefore had to restructure this staff. It recalled some staff members back to its headquarters in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia. In their places, young, innovative and creative individuals who were techno-servy took their places. In other regions, the young individuals were incorporated into the management systems alongside the older generation. The aim was very clear; change the perspective with which the company viewed technology. They had to restructure the company to reflect the new demands of the social media. They did this in line with Henri Fayol’s administrative theory. This theory put focus squarely on the management. He argued that management’s role revolved around planning, coordinating, controlling, commanding and organizing. According to Fayol, organizations must follow the five principles in the normal running of it activities. For this reason therefore, the management must be in a position to forecast in order to plan for what is to be done. The planning stage is the most important of all the stages. The other stages will only be successful if the management was able to focus and come up with appropriate plan to counter some of the changes that come in the external environment. The older generation failed to forecast the potential of the social media and for this reason, failed to plan for it. The top management therefore brought in young individuals who were able to understand the social media as they were part of it. This lot was able to successfully understand the social media and planning was therefore much easier. With proper planning, implementing other aspects of management becomes much easier. This group has done a wonderful job on this front. The compan y entered Facebook in 2008. It created its wall and invited as many friends as possible. From this wall, the company can share with their customers information that is relevant to its operation. Customers are able to comment directly to the firm on their feeling about the brands offering in the market. They are able to inform the management of their expectations, and some of the changes they feel should be done on the products. On the other hand, the company can now reach its clients at a considerably faster rate through Facebook. It can now afford to introduce some of its new products through it and be sure that the message will be received by the target market.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More So interactive is this social media that it allows for a direct communication between the firm and the users. Unlike the mass media, which is a one way fixed mode of message delivering, this media allows the customer to respond to the company’s message, whether to appreciate or to criticize the company’s offering. With this, the company is able to know exactly what a customer in Russian market expects, and how this expectation is different from that of a customer in a sub Saharan market in Africa because the two regions have opposing temperature rates. This has been so successful that the firm was rated the best brand on Facebook, beating other giant brands like Disney. The brand is estimated to reach out to about 30 million customers across the world by using Facebook alone (Treadaway 2010). This network has seen it identify so well with the youth that this group feels part of the brand. The management has successfully introduced itself to this community as a member. With this, its product is seen by this community as their (community’s) product that should be promoted through a continued purchase. This has seen the firm cut on the cost conducting research. The company’s researchers can sit on their computers at company’s headquarters and gather the information they need from the customers on Facebook. They can pose questions to them in structured manner on their Facebook wall. The respondent will post their response on this wall where the researcher can easily access them. This increases the ability of the firm to make a thorough screening of the data and respond to the views posted. In his motion study theory, Gilbreth suggests that a firm is able to increase its efficiency by reducing the rate of motion of its staff. The company applied this theory with the help of Facebook. Its research team did not require moving in the 209 countries across the world where the firm operates. It only needs this staff seated behind a Face book enabled computer to gather and analyze data from various regions in the world. Having experienced success with the Facebook, this group of managers went further to incorporate You Tube into their system. Unlike Facebook, You Tube enabled the firm to use graphics. The company prepared commercials akin to the television commercials and delivered them to customers through You Tube. Its most recent commercial dubbed ‘open happiness’ on You Tube has received a lot of praise from many quarters. The company went a great length to prepare the advert and its features and mode of presentation is a clear indication that the new management clearly understands the requirements of the new social order brought about by changes in technology. The brand has its presence on Tweeter, Flirk and other social Medias. This strategy has seen the firm double its sales. The new management is so sensitive about Total Quality Management that it leaves nothing to chance. They believe in the fa ct that quality starts in the mind. First, the production system must appreciate and maintain quality in all their operations. The final product will automatically bear this and the next move will be to instill this quality in the minds of the consumers (Andrzej, 2007). To achieve TQM in its operations, the firm’s management has realized that every department in the company counts. All the department are related in a way that the firm is turned into a system with a number of co-related wheels. The new management has given a new face to the way the firm view the social media. It is no longer stereotyped as before. The management sees it as an opportunity to expand its borders and reach out to those markets it had not. The system approach theory postulates that a system is a collection of parts unified to accomplish an overall goal. The theory goes ahead to state that if one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. This is the case in Coca Col a. When it restructured its management and incorporated a group of young individuals who were flexible to the changes brought about by technology, it gave a redefinition to the company’s overall method of operation. The brand Coca Cola was recently ranked one of the best brands, valued at 68.3 billion U.S. dollars. Its closest competitor, Pepsi Cola is no longer as serious a threat as it was in early nineties. Literature Review A number of scholars have done research and reported the increasing inability of some companies to adapt to the changes brought about by the dynamics in technology. Garvin (1988) argued that quality should be given an outward in approach. When implementing environmental changes, a firm should first determine the requirements of the environment before it considers making outputs. He says that market is always characterized by unpredictability. The suddenness with which these changes come, calls for the management to be very flexible. If this flexibility lacks in the management, then the firm can easily be edged out of the market. Such was the challenge Coca Cola Company faced. It had to navigate through the new and very sensitive ‘waters’ brought by technology. The world was turned into a single market place. This market is so small that a shopper can easily access it from the comfort of his house. The social media is a change that must be managed if a firm is to realize the benefits that come with it. Zimmerman and Schueler (1996) suggest that customers always rate their levels of satisfaction. When his or her expectations are met and exceeded, such a customer will be thrilled. They will be good ambassadors to the firm. However, for this to be possible, the firm must understand the changes that the market experiences. They propose that customer survey should be conducted among customers in order to know what such customers value. It is only through this that a firm may proclaim to be implementing Total Quality Manage ment standards in its operations (Del et al., 2005) The older generation at Coca Cola failed to understand that the most important market segment had moved to the social media and that they valued this form of communication. Looking down upon the social media would be like failing to realize what they valued. This limits the ability of the firm to succeed in the market. Wayne and Hoyer (2008) appreciate the benefits that the social media has brought to the contemporary world of business. They say that since its inception on fourth of February 2004, Facebook has completely changed the communication sector. With cell phones becoming a necessity among individuals, business units keen on reaching the market cannot neglect this form of communication. The two says that many organizations at first did not think that such social networks had potential to redefine communication in a completely new form. For this reason, they did not incorporate it into their strategic plans. However, such fi rms soon realized that this form of communication brought with it limitless opportunities that could not be ignored. Coca Cola realized this and had to take appropriate and timely actions that could see it tap from this new technology. Kimmel (2007) asserts that fashion changes at an unpredictable rates. According to him, management in any field that is related to fashions and lifestyle must always be ready to manage such changes. It should be on high alert to detect any slight change in the market. This may require it to have in place; structures that will enable it detect such changes so that its actions will be timely. He supports Wayne and Hoyer on the fact that social media has brought with it opportunities that firms should consider tapping from. He articulates that social media is at the heart of lifestyle. With inception of such social networks like You Tube, marketing must be restructured in a way that it responds to this technology. This company realized this and acted app ropriately and this has enabled it remain relevant in the market. Considerations Coca Cola Company considered a number of facts before deciding on how to restructure its operations. The main issue was that the then management could not implement technological demands at the rate that was desirable. The top management was specifically worried of the fact that this group of managers had failed to tap from the opportunity that Facebook and other similar social networks brought with it. This was making this opportunity turn into a threat as other competitors were readjusting their marketing systems to reflect on this. It therefore considered replacing most of its top managements with individuals who were able to act appropriately to the demands of technology. The firm appreciated the importance of experience. Because of this, it retained some top management officials abroad. This was done to ensure that the transition was implemented in a smooth manner, taking into account some of the d esirable traditions of the company. The actions of the company were timely and the result was good. However, the company should have taken into consideration the fact that their brand is consumed across the ages. Most of the commercial that this firm currently produces are directed to the youth. Inasmuch as they are wonderfully put, with captions that would attract everyone’s attention, they are not all inclusive. The aging group cannot identify with these commercials. This market segment makes a substantial percentage of the brand’s total sales. Moreover, this is the segment with money, and therefore are the decision makers on what to purchase. Giving them a blackout in the commercials could have negative impacts to the firm’s total sales. Another segment of the market left out by most of these commercial are the minors. They may not be able to identify with most of the commercials. For instance, the wonderfully structured commercial dubbed ‘open happines s’ pays no attention to the fact that a child may also need to be happy. Carson (2008) says that children below the age of 14 are the major initiators of a family’s purchase. For this reason, these commercials should be designed to capture their attention as well. Conclusion Management has experienced structural changes over the years, from a time when it was viewed as a simple role of directing other factors of production, to the current view of managing systems. These systems are both internally based within the firm, or are found in the external environment. Ability to manage the internal factors is currently not enough for a firm to succeed in the market. Consumers are getting increasingly knowledgeable, and with this knowledge come increased demands. This has seen many management units apply Total Quality Management as a way through which it can manage customers’ demands. There has been an increasing need for this management to incorporate the changes that come with technology. This has seen Coca Cola Company restructure its management in line with the technological demands. This company has successfully entered the social media with the help of its new management unit. Currently, it is ranked one of the highest users of it. The result of this entry is positive. The company can now reach the targeted population much easily. The management is very flexible to technological changes and this has seen it maintain its market lead over competitors like Pepsi Cola. Recommendations Coca Cola Company was able to navigate through the turbulent waters that were brought about by technological changes. Faced with a similar situation, the firm should consider the following options. A firm should always consider having a staff that is well blended in aspects such as age, experience, knowledge and even culture. Despite the importance of experience, management should not sacrifice the other factors in its favor. With the current changes in technology, it is advisable that firms maintain a management staff that is able to respond it (technology). In so doing, it will be in a position to act on the market demands that keep changing. A firm should avoid assumption of new inventions, however weird they may seem to be. The management should have a unit to keenly monitor such technological changes and advice the top management as appropriately as possible. If it is worth involvement, this unit should be in a position to advice the management on how best it should approach it. The action that Coca Cola took was good enough and the researcher would recommend most of it if a firm were faced with a similar situation. Their beautiful summer commercials on You Tube, the conspicuous presence on Facebook and Tweeter are all wonderful. However, one aspect that the researcher feels should be changed is the overemphasis on youths. Inasmuch as they form the most attractive market segment, other segments should not be disregarded. They should ther efore consider producing television commercials, which are all inclusive. References Andrzej, A Buchaman, A. (2007). Organizational behavior. London: Prentice Hall International. Carson, A. (2008). Organizational theory: A libertarian perspective. Washington, DC: BookSurge. Del, I., Best, J. Coney, K. (2005). Consumer behavior. New York, NY: Tata McGraw Hill. Garvin, D. (1988). Managing quality. New York, NY: Free Press. Kimmel, R. (2007). Evians caswell brand week: Fill with care promotes lifestyle. Well Being, 48(30), 48. Treadaway, C. (2010). Facebook marketing: An hour a day. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishers Inc. Wayne, D. Hoyer, M. (2008). Consumer behavior. South Western: Cangage Learning. Zimmerman, R. Schueler. (1996). Designing customer surveys that work. Retrieved from https://www.qualitydigest.com/oct96/surveys.html

The Best Free Book Cover Makers (and a Few Paid Ones)

The Best Free Book Cover Makers (and a Few Paid Ones) The Best Free Book Cover Makers (and a Few Paid Ones) If you're on the hunt for a free book cover maker, then you might be looking to DIY the cover design for your book.  But before we get to our recommendations, we should start with a caveat: if you’re not a professional designer and you can avoid it, don’t design your own book cover. And we all know the reason why: the cover is your book’s #1 marketing asset.Cover designer Ninai Freitas urges authors to think of book covers as a long-term investment: â€Å"It is better to have a well-designed cover that can help increase sales. You can have the best tools - such as Photoshop, Illustrator or InDesign - but these programs don’t automatically make a book cover. What counts is the person using them.†Budget naturally plays a role in an indie author’s publishing decision. On our marketplace, professional designers charge on average $650 to design a cover - however, 16% of the designers polled will often charge under $400.  But we get it: $400 is still a pretty penny. So if you’re set on designing your own cover, you know where to look for inspiration, and are willing to put in the legwork to learning a new skill, here are some resources you might consider.Let's start with a few free book cover makers: 25 Beautiful Examples of Book Illustration Read post Hot tip: To learn more about typography and book design, check out our monthly Cover Critiques on Reedsy Live.Have you used another book cover maker that you'd recommend? Leave us any thoughts or questions about book design in the comments below.

Tesco Corporate Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tesco Corporate Governance - Case Study Example A quarter of Superstores have received the customer-focused improvements in key areas including car parking, trolleys, signage, counters and availability. Express offers customers the chance to stock up on shopping at their convenience at a diverse range of locations, from inner city stores such as Maida Vale, London, to villages like Yateley in Hampshire. Although on a smaller scale than larger supermarkets, it will provide a broad but carefully selected range of essential everyday products. In the stores that convert to Express, customers will benefit from lower prices, improved service, better fresh food ranges and store environment, as well as better availability, quality and choice. This will also allow Tesco to accelerate their growth in the 20bn convenience market while continuing to run the remainder as OneStop Shops. However, the profitability and growth always goes with the development of the human resource personnel. The human capital after all, continues to be the single most important capital in businesses. Thus, recognizing that they are an essential element to the success and future of providing quality differentiated services at affordable prices, Tesco had also a set of principles that promotes the growth and convenience of its employees. The Tesco Values are a set of principles that describe two work ethics such as: 'Treat people how we like to be treated' and 'No-one tries harder for customers'. Also, employee benefits such as childcare voucher scheme and Shares in Success, where staff with more than a year's service will be eligible for free shares has been devised. Customer Value is what Child (2004) would define as "the difference between the values the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining a product" (pp. 9). Customers usually weigh values and use the product with the best perceived value among the rest and also the product and service that will deliver them the best value. It is what makes a product and service important to them and what will eventually convince them to go ahead and avail of the service or purchase the product. It is thus the responsibility of these firms and organization to be the firm that consumers or customers believe to offer the greatest and highest customer perceived and delivered value. If firms' total customer values are perceived and delivered the best from the combination of "product, sources, personnel and image", more customers will decide to opt for them (pp. 669). Companies now face the challenge of making its target consumers respond accordingly to their marketing efforts. Those who understand its consumers' responses will have a great competitive advantage. The starting point towards this is through the stimulus-response model of buyer behaviour which involves examining the marketing and other stimuli in the consumer's black box that translates into buyer responses (Child, 2004). Marketing stimuli often consist of the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place and promotion while the other stimuli may include economic, technological, political and cultural factors which exist in the marketing environment. Child (2004) explains that the practical application of learning to most companies is that they can build a demand for a product through association with strong drives, motivation cues and positive reinforcement. Lastly, beliefs and attitudes are

Nature of the early republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nature of the early republic - Essay Example This rebellion soon spread to the other colonies and the situation was aggravated by King George's proclamation that the colonies were engaged in rebellion. With this the war of independence commenced. On the 4th of July 1776 the declaration of independence was adopted and with this the United States of America was formed. Initially the British had to contend with only the Americans but gradually other European powers joined the fray. In France there was a great deal of public support for the American cause and it began to provide aid to the American colonies. Further a treaty of alliance was signed between France and colonies. According to this treaty France would support the colonies in their struggle with the British. This resulted in a war between Britain and France in 1778. The beleaguered British proffered the olive branch to the colonies and on the 3rd of September 1783 the independence, freedom and sovereignty of these American colonies were recognised by Britain. Thus, despite several initial hardships the Americans emerged as a strong and coherent nation (THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: Chapter 3). Subsequent to the achievement of independence Congress passed a resolution on the 10th of May 1776, requiring the colonies to form new governments that would enhance the happiness and safety of their constituents. Accordingly most of the states drew up their own constituents. In order to protect certain rights whose infringement had led to secession from Britain, a bill of rights was incorporated into these constitutions. Some of these were freedom of speech, freedom of elections, freedom of the press and the right to change the government. A major problem faced by this fledgling nation was that of expansion in the western part of the United States.... This essay stresses that a major problem faced by this fledgling nation was that of expansion in the western part of the United States. The pioneers had settled here and these places were highly dispersed. Since, they were isolated by mountain ranges and large distances from the political authorities in the east, they had formed their own governments. Moreover, these far flung lands were claimed by several states and no resolution of this dispute seemed to be in sight. This problem of over lapping claims was resolved by states like New York and Virginia, which ceded all their claims to these territories. In this manner national sovereignty was strengthened. This paper makes a conclusion that the new policy repudiated the time-honored concept that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country, were politically subordinate, and peopled by social inferiors. Instead, it established the principle that colonies ("territories") were an extension of the nation and entitled, not as a privilege but as a right, to all the benefits of equality. On the 21st of February 1787 a conference was held in which the Virginia plan was proposed by Madison. The Constitution proposed in this convention was sent for ratification to the 13 states of the Union. Delaware was the first state to ratify it on the 7th of December 1787. The Congress is not empowered to decide as to whether a particular person is to be tried or not. This power is vested solely with the executive.

Project of using the wireless sensor network (WSN) Essay Example for Free

Project of using the wireless sensor network (WSN) Essay In the previous era, the technology application mostly using wire but now a wireless device has become commonplace. The definition of the wireless sensor network is an application that having no wires connection on that devices. In addition, to make the system easy to monitor from a distant location, the RF 433MHz module was used. So, this project gave rise to the idea for studying details about the RF 433MHz module performance for WSN application. Project Background Nowadays, using the wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to monitor the environment helps someone to solve the problems of deployment difficulty, high cost, and realized unmanned monitoring which is mostly used in the factory, buildings, laboratory, and house. This project is to study the range and performance of the RF 433MHz module for WSN application. RF 433MHz module is popularly used in the remote control system. This range also available to use in this area. There are two types of the RF module which is transmitter and receiver. From research, using this module, the data can get more accurate and detailed information than another transmission for the wireless sensor network. The range that can reach by this RF module is different between outside and inside area. For inside area, it can work for 50 meters through multiple walls with an antenna, while for the outside area, it will be able for hundreds of meters. Besides that, a microcontroller such as Arduino also used in this project. Arduino that available for this project is Arduino PRO which is it has 3.3V port that will be easier to connect directly to the transmitter of RF 433MHz module. This project also about to study the analysis of the data transmission by giving a few of distance between the transmitter and receiver of the RF 433MHz modules when located in the obstacles or line of sight area. Then, the data that are received will be displayed on the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), whether there are data losses or not. Problem Statement The problem that becoming as issues right now is there is a lot of ways to send data but the problem is about the range, cost, and data losses. So, for this situation, study the performance of RF 433MHz can overcome the problem for the WSN application. Objectives The objectives of this project are to understand the range and performance of RF 433MHz module. Moreover, exploration about the transmitting and receiving the data by using the RF 433MHz module. Work Scope The main work scope of this project is to make sure this project will achieve the objectives. The main focus of this project:- i. To study and understanding the range of RF 433MHz module. ii. To transfer data by using RF 433MHz module. Methodology In this project, there are three main parts. For the first part, it will be focused on the conducting the literature review and do some research more detail about the RF 433MHz module. Meanwhile, for the second part, after the software development process, the hardware development process will take over and include the testing of the project. Last part, when the hardware and software complete their part, it will be followed by testing the performance and the operation of the project. Report Structure This part will explain all the flow for completing this report and project. In this report, there are five chapters. Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter will introduce the background of the project, state the problems, clear about the objectives, scope of work, planed the methodology and report structure to make it organized. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will be explained more about all the research that has been done. All the previous project also will be stated in this chapter. Then, the summarization for the project also will be attached to this chapter to make it more details. Chapter 3: Methodology The methodology is the method or steps when doing this project. The simulation, analysis, and evaluation of the project will be discussed in this chapter. This method is important because from here the flow of the process for the project will be updated. Chapter 4: Expected Results The expected results in the software or hardware will be stated in this chapter. The comparisons and improvements of this project will be described here. Chapter 5: Conclusion In this chapter, to make a conclusion all the summary for this project was collected in each part will be discussed in the conclusion.

Experiments :: essays research papers

 newspaper  measuring cups  1 cup of dry cornstarch  large bowl or pan  food coloring (if you want)  1/2 cup of water Put newspaper down on your counter or tabletop. Put the cornstarch into the bowl. Add a drop or two of food coloring. (Use whatever colors you like.) Add water slowly, mixing the cornstarch and water with your fingers until all the powder is wet. Keep adding water until the Ooze feels like a liquid when you're mixing it slowly. Then try tapping on the surface with your finger or a spoon. When Ooze is just right, it won't splash--it will feel solid. If you Ooze is too powdery, add a little more water. If it's too wet, add more cornstarch. Play around with your Ooze! Pick up a handful and squeeze it. Stop squeezing and it will drip through your fingers. Rest your fingers on the surface of the Ooze. Let them sink down to the bottom of the bowl. Then try to pull them out fast. What happens? Take a blob and roll it between your hands to make a ball. Then stop rolling. The Ooze will trickle away between your fingers. Put a small plastic toy on the surface. Does it stay there or does it sin k? Ketchup, like Ooze, is a non-Newtonian fluid. Physicists say that the best way to get ketchup to flow is to turn the bottle over and be patient. Smacking the bottom of the bottle actually slows the ketchup down! Why does my Ooze act like that? Your Ooze is made up of tiny, solid particles of cornstarch suspended in water. Chemists call this type of mixture a colloid. As you found out when you experimented with your Ooze, this colloid behaves strangely. When you bang on it with a spoon or quickly squeeze a handful of Ooze, it freezes in place, acting like a solid. The harder you push, the thicker the Ooze becomes. But when you open your hand and let your Ooze ooze, it drips like a liquid. Try to stir the Ooze quickly with a finger, and it will resist your movement. Stir it slowly, and it will flow around your finger easily. Most liquids don't act like that. If you stir a cup of water with your finger, the water moves out of the way easily--and it doesn't matter whether you stir it quickly or slowly.

Letter of Recommendation Computer Science department

As the Head of Computer Science department, it gives me immense pleasure to pen down a recommendation letter for an ambitious student like Sarang Metkar. A hardworking and intelligent student with an excellent grasping power is how I will describe Sarang. My association with him as a final year project guide is sufficient to gauge his intellectual capability and state his suitability for the graduate program from your University. His never-ending quench for acquiring knowledge on new technologies was exhibited while working with him on his final year project.It was sponsored by Persistent Systems Ltd. They had a requirement to develop a web browser for directory servers like SunONE DS, IBM IDS and OpenLDAP, with LDAP as a communication protocol. His team showed a great perseverance in understanding the new concepts like LDAP and Directory Server. Impressed by the depth of knowledge they have acquired, I asked his team to present a seminar on LDAP and directory server to our college`s post-graduate students. He has an excellent presentation and communication skills with a clear understanding of concepts and can articulate his ideas effectively.He effectively coordinated communication with external project guide and maintained a proper document to track the requirements. He was prompt in suggesting different approaches to meet the requirements and equally flexible to incorporate any suggested changes. He was punctual and never hesitated to put more efforts to complete his task. His work was highly appreciated and earned him an offer to work as a Software Engineer in sponsoring company. Sarang consistently exceeded in all areas of his coursework and was amongst top 5% in the department.Owing to his excellent academic record, he was awarded merit scholarship for all four years. He also displayed a good interest in co-curricular activities and represented our college in various programming and quiz competition. Speaking of his leadership skill and organizing ability , he successfully coordinated a state-level Technical event named ‘Equinox'. He single handedly managed a C-programming competition, called ‘C-Netics', in our Department which was a huge success. . He volunteered National-level workshops on â€Å"Emerging Trends in IT† and different chapters of Computer Society of India(CSI) conducted in our college.When elected as a ‘Class Representative’, he effectively discharged his duty of coordinating, managing and encouraging student participation. He possesses the intelligence and capacity for sustained hard work to ace the toughest program. By virtue of his strong academic foundation, he has developed the necessary aptitude, attitude and passion for pursuing the graduate education. In view of his inherent potential, strong determination and persistence, I believe that he will scale the highest peaks in his fields of interest and strongly endorse his application for admission to your esteemed institution with financial aid.

Marketing Planning Essay

INTRODUCTION Unilever started its operations in Vietnam in 1995 and do business in fast moving consumer goods area. It has developed an extensive local network of distributors and retailers with commit to â€Å"make Vietnamese lives better† through the provision of a wide range of international quality and affordable priced products in health, hygiene and nutrition. Unilever Vietnam was developed the wide range of business services and products, with more than 20 brands name, Unilever has become one of the biggest multinational in Vietnam and South-East Asia. 1.1 Review the changing perspective in Unilever marketing planning Nowadays, when demand and customer satisfaction are foundation of business, there are more companies follow the market – led orientation strategy instead of product orientation. In this task, we will learn about some reason why many companies had changed product orientation to market – led orientation. Product orientation: Few years ago, when product orientation strategy was popular, the companies choose to ignore their customer’s needs and focus only on efficiently building a quality product. This type of company believes that if they can make the best product their customers will come to them. The basic focus of a company with a production orientation is toward maximizing production output. They want to produce as many products as possible to reduce the price without caring about customer needs. Market – led orientation: Currently, product orientation strategy is not popular anymore. It was replaced by market – led orientation strategy which is squarely foc used on the consumer. For the company to follow this strategy effectively, they have to approach to customer and approach to advertising. In addition for market led orientation, every employee of all the departments will be responsible for marketing the products. The main purposes of changing product orientation to market – led orientation are: * Making a long term relationship with customers: the product which is satisfy customer needs will belong to them in a long term. Thus, it is important for company to do surveys carefully so that they can know exactly what customer want and start the production. * Building brand awareness and customer‘s loyalty: a market-oriented company carefully cultivates a brand in the minds of potential customers through advertising activities in an attempt to influence them to buy its products instead of a competitor’s products. * Bring customer the value of product: If the company can understand the customer needs and meet their dem and, it is easier for company to bring customer not only the quality of product but also the intangible value. For example: Unilever Vietnam towards market – led orientation strategy by doing surveys about customer needs, produce good quality products and invest on promotional activities. This strategy is the most suitable with the company doing business in fast moving consumer goods in branded home & personal care and food categories. They do surveys on a regular basis to make sure that the product launch on time and satisfy customer needs. Besides that, Unilever spends a great deal of money on advertising to build awareness of customer about the product and they will come to buy it. 1.2 Evaluate Unilever capability for planning its future market activity. As you know, Unilever is one of the world’s leading suppliers of fast moving consumer goods in branded home & personal care and food categories and its products touch the lives of over 2 billion people every day – whether that’s through feeling great because they’ve got beautiful hair and a radiant smile, take care of their home, or by enjoying a great cup of tea or healthy snack. But whether they can do more than that in the future? This task will evaluate Unilever’s capability for planning its future marketing activities. The product innovation: Look at the selection Unilever’s top brands; we can see the company’s efforts in creating new products over 18 years. They not only create pioneering products but also bring the quality and make their customer’s life better (For example: Sunlight, Cif, Knor, Lifebuoy, etc. That the reason why the most of their br ands become popular brand in Vietnam. So we can certain about their capability for producing outstanding products. The vision of leaders and activity oriented: This is one of important factors that affect to Unilever’s capability for planning future marketing activities. The great vision of leader will lead to great future for Unilever. ‘’ We work to create a better future every day† (Unilever, 2013). They recognize that global challenges such as climate change concern us all, so in the future they will not only focus on double the size of their business but also reducing their environmental footprint and increasing their positive social impact. Potential Human resource: Unilever has more than 1600 employees who are carefully selected. Moreover, they offer their employees many ways to take advantage of development opportunities, they encourage creativity with attractive reward, benefits packages and many others so that we can always attract and retain the b est talents to work for them. By owning many talents in the company, it is easy for them to make more pioneering products in the future. After analyzing every related aspect, we can see that Unilever has the capacity to develop their products and overtake their competitors. We can know that not only through their current efforts but also their purpose of protecting environment in the future. 1.3 Examine technique for Unilever auditing and analysis of external factors that affecting the marketing planning in Vietnam Unilever makes a number of different products in Vietnam so it is very important to determining and recognize problem areas, opportunities so that the company can offer solutions and rational decisions for next step. In this task, we will examine 3 techniques for Unilever auditing and analyzing external factors that affect marketing planning including: the product life cycle (PLC), the Porter Five Forces and BCG Matrix. The product life cycle (PLC) Lifebuoy soap: Lifebuoy Royal Disinfectant Soap was launched in 1894 as an affordable new product in the UK and it is one of Unilever’s oldest brands. Lifebuoy witnessed a steady decline in market share at 15% (www.articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com). Because of its long appear on the market with the low market share so Lifebuoy is in Decline stage. Wall’s Ice cream: In 1997, Wall’s Ice Cream was a famous brand name (Unilever’s own) in Vietnam with 52% market share and annual turnover of â‚ ¬5 billion (www.webcache.googleusercontent.com). But in 2004, after realizing the economy as well as the situation of that moment is not consistent with the development of Wall’s Ice Cream, Unilever decided to let Kinh Do company to own this brand within 5 years. Then, the brand name Wall’s Ice Cream came back in an unexpected way after 5 years absence in 2009. Since that, Wall’s Ice Cream warmly welcome by customer. In addition, it also expanded distribution network with 130 distributors and 4,000 retail outlets (www.cyvee.com). Wall’s is an international brand of ice cream and is one of the most profitable units of Unilever (www.commerceplus.blogspot.com). Thus, Wall’s Ice Cream could be considered in the stage of Maturity from product life cycle. Lipton ice tea: Lipton ice tea has become a famous brand in Vietnam and wants to make a big splash in the global beverages market. They not only produce tea but also help customer to improve vascular function, combat fatigue, reduce cholesterol levels and increase feelings of vitality. Moreover, Lipton is the global market leader in both leaf and ready-to-drink tea, with a global market share nearly three times larger than its nearest rival. Thus, Lipton ice tea is in the stage of Maturity. BCG Matrix: Lifebuoy soap: Lifebuoy soap is lying in BCG Matrix at Question Mark point. The market share value of Lifebuoy is low at 15% (www.articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com) and its market growth rate is high at 85.03%. Nowadays, there are more kind of soaps come into the market and they are not only protect users to bacteria but also bring intangible value to customers. However, the market that Lifebuoy doing business in is a potential market. At this point, company makes their investment on this product to get the point of cash cow and star in BCG matrix. Wall’s Ice cream: Wall’s Ice cream was come back to Vietnam market with an unexpected success. They have a big distribution network with 130 distributors and 4,000 retail outlets (www.cyvee.com) to meet the demand of customer in Vietnam. Moreover, ice cream market is a potential market in Vietnam so it is great opportunities for Wall to expand its market. According to Euromonitor, Vietnam cream industry value will reach $125 million this year. Thus, with high market share and high market growth, Wall is lying in Cash Cow. Lipton ice tea: Lipton Ice tea is the world’s leading brand of tea with high market share by occupying a half of the global market (www.strategy.vn). About the market growth, Mr. Kamimura Yosuke ( NGK Kirin Company’s head of Marketing) said that for 2004-2010, the beverage market Vietnam has very few brand to create explosive opportunities for green tea market. At that time, with the introduction of many new products, green tea seems to have the market saturation point. However, this market has yet to step into the setbacks and has even been considered as a potential market in the future. Thus, Lipton Ice tea is lying in Cash Cow. Porter Five Forces Brand / Force| Lifebuoy soap| Wall’s ice cream| Lipton Tea| Bargaining of Buyer| HighAlthough Lifebuoy bringscustomer some benefits to protect their health with the low price, there are many its competitors that not only brings health benefit but also intangible value to customer. Moreover, it does not require the switching cost when customer change using Lifebuoy to another one| HighRecent, there are many cafà © shop that offer ice cream in menu or ice cream specialty shops (ex: Baskin Robbins) indirect compete with Wall. Moreover, the switching cost is low and the young customers have trend to eat ice cream outside in the crowded places with music and their friends instead of staying at home with popsicles. | High The competitor of Lipton such as Nestle and THP seem to have a better marketing strategy than Lipton so these competitors will build the image of brand in customer mind. Besides, customer will find easy to change to Nestle or THP if Lipton can not satisfy their de mand with low switching cost.| Bargaining of Supplier| HighLifebuoy focus on accessible hygiene and health solutions for customer on production line that makes its difference. Thus, it will effect to product’s quality if Lifebuoy change to another supplier. Besides, the leak risk about the way to make product and the switching cost are high. Moreover, the supplier may produce and sale their own product directly to consumer and ignore Lifebuoy. | HighIf Wall change to another supplier, they will not sure about the quality of the new one. It will lead to losing customer if the quality is worst. In addition, risk and switching cost is high. Moreover, the supplier may produce and sale their own product directly to consumer and ignore Wall. | High In order to compete with Nestle and THP, Unilever has decided to use the tea leaf from Europe to produce the Lipton tea so they cannot change to other supplier. Risk and switching cost are high. Moreover, the supplier may produce tea and sale their own product directly to consumer and ignore Lipton. | Rivalry of existing competitor| MediumIt is different than other products in area by protect customer’s health with the low price. Besides, this area is potential, and its market growth rate is high at 85.03%. There are a lot of competitor which provide the same product of Lifebouy.| MediumAlthough Wall has some of direct competitor such as Kido and indirect competitor such as cafà © shop and ice cream specialty shops, this area is very potential because of the demand of customer is higher. Thus, Wall still has opportunities to win the market.| MediumLipton Tea has certain competitors in Vietnam such as Nestea and O Degree. On the other hand, the soft drink industry is reputation industry so Lipton still has a lot of opportunities to reach to customer.| Threats of new entrants| LowTo compete with Lifebuoy, it requires lots of things like finance, production, human resource and the distribution as well. Government barriers are high for products in soap area. Unilever can apply economic of scales to produce costs and create barriers for new firms. Without these of support above, it seems so hard to join the market and compete with Lifebuoy. | LowTo launch a new brand in this area, the company has to have finance, big distribution network, create new flavor and the reasonable price strategy to compete with Wall. High barriers from existing rivals: Wall’s, Kido are very famous and strong brands for a long time with a large of loyal customer. | LowIf a company wants to come and compete with Unilever in the Tea market, it requires of having the better flavor, better quality of tea-leaf and doing well p romotion like Unilever has done. Strong capital is required in investigate and manufacturing. Accessibility to distribution channels is low because it is hard to built good relationship with the consumers like 0 Degree tea and Lipton tea| Threats of substitutes| LowThe customer might use instant sanitizer gel instead of Lifebuoy but it is not very popular. | HighThere are some substitute products such as cocktail, yogurt or soft-drink with the same available and cost to Wall’s. | HighIn current scenario, the Lipton Tea has so many substitute products, such as the soft-drink from Pepsi, Coca-Cola, or even the energize water | 1.4 Carry out Unilever auditing and analysis of external factors that affecting the marketing planning in Vietnam Doing SWOT analysis on Unilever’s business is an essential step in the process of branding and marketing its product or service. It also helps the company come up with business strategies. Moreover, SWOT analyses help the company to identify and capitalize on strengths. In addition, it makes awareness and protects Unilever to avoid the threats. Strength: * Unilever has own a strong financial so they can expand the market in nearly 190 countries in the world. Besides, they also have 270 manufacturing sites worldwide (www.ukessays.com) that is how they can achieve economy of scale easily. It gives competitive advantage to company. * Unilever has own many famous brand name in fast moving consumer goods area such as: Surf, Dove, Ponds, Sunsilk, Knorr, Wall’s ice cream, P/S, Close up, etc (www.unilever.com.vn). All of these brand names known as multinational brands with affordable price and good quality. * Dynamic work environment, staff and intellectuals have responsibility for the company’s overall objective (www.unilever.com.vn). Besides, policies to attract talent of Unilever are effective so they can get more ideas for the company development. * Modern technology inherited from the global Unilever, delivered quickly and remarkably effective. Weakness: * Lack of direct connection with final consumers because of dependence on retailers and wholesalers. * There are some technology are not applied to Unilever Vietnam because of high cost. Besides, they have to import the machine from abroad so it is not take advantages of abundant labor resources and capacity in Vietnam. * As a company with European roots, promotional strategy of Unilever products is not suitable for Asian culture. * Unilever have a huge number of product brands (over 1600 brands) but 400 brands make up over 90% of Unilever’s total sales (www.zimbio.com) good. As a consequence, the ineffective brands make them money but not very profitable and become one of their weakness point Opportunities: * The domestic market (wholesale, retail, goods flow †¦) has a bigger change compared with several years ago. Besides, politics of Vietnam is considered stable so Unilever will get more opportunities to develop the business. * Vietnam has abundant and cheap human resources (http://www.goinglobal.com) so that the company can reduce the cost. * Vietnam is a country of religious freedom to the distribution; promotional products are not subject to more stringent constraints than many other Asian countries. * Vietnam has a young population structure and popular model extended family. Moreover, the fast moving consumer goods market is the potential market in Vietnam so it will bring Unilever high market growth to develop. Threat: * Unilever has many strong competitors such as: Nestle, P&G, etc. These competitors have their own famous brand name with big market shares, huge product line and millions of customers. * There are a lot of substitutes product in fast moving consumer’s goods markets today is a big threat of company. * Commercial law also has many disadvantages for foreign investors, especially tariff policy and high taxes levied on goods considered â€Å"luxury†. * In the context of supply is bigger than demand, many new companies invest on the market and fierce competition with Unilever. . 2.1, 2.2 Assess the main barrier in marketing planning and how Unilever may overcome * Confusing marketing tactics and strategy: In fact, ‘tactics and strategy’ is two word that easily make people confuse about them, even some managers in big company, who face with them every day without meaning to, may be Unilever’s managers have the same problem. Because the content of them is abundant, thus sometimes strategies and tactics are discussed as they are the same. The common reasons that people are usually confused, firstly managers may make mistake about the purpose of using of them, such as they are confused between the long-term and short-term of tactics and strategy when they make plans. Finally, sometimes they may even think they are still able to get their targets if miss one of them. Solution: The manager of Unilever must make sure that they understand clearly about tactics and strategies. For example, in usually strategy is term use for long-term plans (3 – 5 years plans), and tactics is short-term plans (1-2 years plans). Besides that, they must ensure that they can able to make good strategies and tactics to achieve the target of company. To create a good tactic, they have to answer the question â€Å"how†: How are you going to get the job done? Who is going to do it? When? To make a good strategy they must answer the â€Å"what†: â€Å". (And sometimes the â€Å"what not†.) What exactly needs to be done? Moreover, they should communicate the importance of making strategies and tactics to employees, from that employee can have a clear understanding, then they can provide right information or their idea to make best strategies and tactics together to develop Unilever. * Confusing marketing ‘function’ with ‘concept’: In this barrier, it arise when a firm attempts to introduce a marketing orientation but thinks this can be done simply by creating a marketing department. For Unilever, to achieve satisfaction of customers, the company needs to do some changes of their mode of operation. In addition, there are some general misunderstandings about what marketing really is. Without a corporate driving force centre on customer satisfaction, arguments about where to put marketing are of course pointless. Even when top management of Unilever is joined a realization of the need to take account of the customer, they also take mistake about this. So they usually receive complaints from customers and the company needs to give them a reasonable explains. Solution: To bring the real value to customer, quality must be available in all process. For example, Knorr has advertises that not reflect the product quality so either product quality improvement or they lose their customer. * Lack of Knowledge and Skills: For a company that enters to new market, this barrier is very common. For perennial problems, they have always focused around customer behavior and market segmentation. So this may be difficult concepts to grasp even at the cognitive level. For Unilever, knowledge and skills are very important. The company needs to train a good staffs who can enough knowled ge and skills to meet all demands of customers. Because without an understanding of at least some of the basic tools of marketing, the chance of coming up with strategies based on sustainable competitive advantage for Unilever is small. Solution: To overcome this barrier, Unilever has to ensure all those responsible for marketing in the organisation have the necessary marketing knowledge and skills for the job. In particular, ensure they understand and know how to use the more importance tools of marketing effectively. * Lack of a systematic approach: At times lack of data or information and inappropriate systems may greatly impede marketing plans. For instance, lack of a market survey forces the marketing team to rely on guesswork to determine the best marketing approach for the targeted market. Solution: Before decided to do advertise, Unilever should research information about the culture, behavior or customer needs to make sure that the advertisement is appropriate for each market segment. CONCLUSION Through the analysis of this report, Unilever can have a clear overview about Vietnam market, then analyzing external factors or barriers that affect marketing planning. Based on that, Unilever can identify capability and have solutions for planning its future market activity to make their business more and more developed and become the winner in Vietnam market. REFERENCES 1. â€Å"Capacity management† (2013). [Online] Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. Available at . [Retrieved 13.8.2013] 2. â€Å"Capacity Planning† (2010). [Online] Slide share present yourself. Available at . [Retrieved 12.8.2013] 3. â€Å"Differences Between Marketing Orientation & Production Orientation†. N.d [Online] Small business. Available at . [Retrieved 12.8.2013] 4. ‘’Growth-share matrix’’ (2013). [Online] Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. Available at .[Retrieved 14.8.2013] 5. Kalsoom, K (2013) â€Å"SWOT analysis for Unilever†. [Online] Blog spot. Available at . [Retrieved 16.08.2013] 6. 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