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Limitations of Captive Breeding Free Essays

Biology 320 Dr. Nissen 08 November 2012 Limitations of Captive Breeding While the use of captive breeding has grown enormously in the more recent years there has been a complete lack of attention paid to the limitations placed on that endangered species by the captive breeding programs. Limitations such as establishing self-sufficient captive populations, poor success in reintroductions, high costs, domestications, preemption of other recover techniques, disease outbreaks and maintaining administrative continuity have all been significant ( Snyder et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations of Captive Breeding or any similar topic only for you Order Now 996). We will review the self-sufficient captive populations, reintroductions, and domestications, these are among the most important limitation factors for the review. Establishing self-sufficient captive populations obtaining consistent reproduction and survivorship under captive conditions has proven quite difficult with many species. There are a variety of reasons as to why there has been failure to breed well in captivity, and identifying these factors can be difficult and are still unknown even after many years of experimentation. Because of poor reproduction the self-sustaining captive populations may never be achieved for some of the endangered species (Snyder et al. 1996). In a recent review of 145 reintroduction programs of captive-bred animals, largely vertebrates, only 11% of the cases were successfully reintroduced into the wild populations (Beck et al. 1994). The causes of the reintroduction failure of the captive bred animals vary from a failure to correct the factors originally causing significant behavioral deficiencies in the released animals, to social behavior. The behavioral issues are typically seen in the animals that lack the opportunity to associate with wild individuals in a natural setting during the critical learning periods. Many of the problems affecting captive preservation and reintroduction of endangered species are results of genetic and phenotypic changes that occur in captivity as well (Snyder et al. 996) and this directly affects the domestication of the captive-bred animal. The implications of the progressive genetic and phenotypic changes are more serious than recognized for the species in long-term captive breeding. Because of progressive domestication the general expectation that one can â€Å"preserve† endangered species in captivity without significant change over a long period of time should be abandoned (Snyder et al. 1996). How to cite Limitations of Captive Breeding, Essay examples

Oedipus Rex Essays (941 words) - Operas, Oedipus The King, Oedipus

Oedipus Rex The play Oedipus Rex may show mankind's search for a better society. The Greeks in the 5th century B.C. tried to make the most out of life. They wanted to know, what was the best way to live in that society at the time? The Greeks then began to study mankind. They began to determine between the rights and wrongs of the society. He who violated the social norms suffered throughout their life. For example, Oedipus Rex showed mainly three types of ?unmoral acts? that deified the social norms of society. The main three were his Intellectual Pride, Three types of Hubris, and his anger and rash judgment towards Creon. Prior to the birth of Oedipus Rex, a prophecy was spoken over Laius and his wife, Jocasta. They were told that their son would one day be his father's killer and would then marry his mother. In fear, kind Lauis and queen Jocasta sent the baby off with a slave to be killed. He was never killed, but rather was given to a childless king and queen, which lovingly raised him. Later in his life, several unknown men traveling confronted him. Upon confrontation, Oedipus Rex killed all but one of the men in self-defense. Unknowingly, Oedipus had begun to fulfill the prophecy for one of the men had been his father, Laius. While traveling, Oedipus had come to the city of Thebes. There he saved the city from the wrath of the sphinx by solving her riddle. He was a savior to the city, and was made king and married Jocasta (his mother). They ruled together and conceived four children. Although the truth had been spoken to Oedipus about these matters previously, he had chosen not to believe them. Oedipus's Intellectual Pride begins to unravel. He is looking for the murderer of the king (his father). He thinks 5 or 6 men killed the king because of money (bribery). No, Oedipus is wrong. He makes a lot of mistakes and he thinks he knows the answers to this situation. He is very self-confident and takes responsibility, as a king should. Oedipus acts too quickly and jumps to conclusions, while trying to figure out who committed this unmoral act that broke the social norm of their society. He asks Teiresias, but he refuses tell Oedipus that it was he who killed the king. But remember, Oedipus has already heard a prophecy about himself. His pride makes it difficult for him to listen to other people's advice and facts. He was so sure that he knew who the murderer was, but he was too ignorant. The answer was given to him but refused to believe it. Hubris begins to play a role in Oedipus character. Mainly there are three areas of Hubris he uncovered. The term Hubris means a behavior without proper limits; arrogance; insolence; defiance to the laws of the gods or moral laws. First, Oedipus has committed a murder and engaged in incest. He has mocked the gods. Oedipus solved the riddle of the sphinx and claimed he did everything on his own. In a sense, he looked down on the gods. The Greeks believed that there were powers higher than themselves. Man was great but not as great and powerful as the gods. Oedipus showed the opposite. Secondly, he shows the opposite by insulting the gods. He stated that he didn't need them in his life. Here he commits blasphemy, which is a term meaning, the act of speaking out against a sacred person. Lastly, his anger shows another hubris. He speaks out against Teiresias, stating that he was a wicked old man. In response, Oedipus showed no respect for Teiresias. For this, he will endure great Nemesis for his hubris's. Nemesis is a term, which means great punishment for going against a god. His failure to listen to the god's warnings resulted by making his life a living nightmare. He had committed the unmentionable and he'd rather not exist at this point. Oedipus, ruler of Thebes, murdered his own father and married his mother. Such acts are almost always deemed unnatural and criminal; they are not tolerated within a traditional society. A person who has committed these illegal acts of murder

6 Tips for Renegotiating Your Salary

6 Tips for Renegotiating Your Salary Whether you’re seeking more than a standard cost-of-living bump or have seen your job responsibilities increase over the past year, this may be a great time to open salary negotiations with your boss. The holidays are over and everyone’s settling in for the year ahead- so why not do everything you can to increase your bottom line? 1. Pick your timingIf your company’s year-end financial report just came out and it’s bleaker than an outdoor swimming pool in January, know that this might not be the best time to approach your boss about a raise. It’s not necessarily a dealbreaker, but definitely be wary that your request might not be met with an open checkbook.Knowing how the company is doing in general can help you frame your request. If things are a little lean, open with an acknowledgment that you know things are tough, but that you’d like to open a dialogue on your salary for [reasons xyz].2. Be realisticBefore you even bring up a salary chan ge with your boss, do the legwork by researching what the salary range is for your role within your industry. This can help you figure out a reasonable dollar figure, but can also show you where you stand on the compensation scale. If your salary is currently on the low end of the standard range for your job title and experience level, that gives you leverage when you talk to your boss.3. Don’t make threats/demandsSalary negotiation is a dialogue. Just as you’ll have a preferred outcome in your head, so will your boss. It may take some time to get to a middle ground that works for both of you, so you won’t do yourself any favors by going in guns a-blazing and asking for a particular number or else. That will only put your manager on the defensive, and will not make him or her likely to accommodate your request, however overdue or reasonable it might be at heart. At this point, the company holds the power- being overly aggressive at the start gives you fewer opti ons later on.4. Don’t forget benefitsWhile this is a chance to increase your base salary, it’s also a chance to revisit your benefits and perks, as well. If you seek more vacation time, comp time, or a flexible work-from-home arrangement a certain number of days per week or month, it puts more chips on the table. It could also help provide some middle ground if your employer is unable to meet your top salary goal.5. Document everythingWhen you ask for a raise, you’ll need backup to help justify the increase to your employer. Before you start any kind of negotiation, get these in order. Have a list of specific bullet points ready that you can bust out either in an email or in conversation with your boss. Successful projects that you’ve spearheaded, revenue increases, times when you’ve gone above and beyond†¦get ‘em all in that list. Remember, you’re offering a case as to why you deserve more. General comments like â€Å"I’m a hard worker† or â€Å"I’m good at my job† don’t offer specific enough reasons to give you more money.6. This time, it’s (im)personalKeep personal relationships and needs out of it. This negotiation process is about getting compensation you feel you deserve as a worker- not about how you need more cash for your speedboat down payment. Make sure you limit the discussion to your professional accomplishments, your worth in the workplace, and your relationship to the company.Also, if you’re friendly with your boss, remember that during your salary talks he or she  is no longer the friend with whom you share cat videos. This is the professional colleague who likely wants the best for you, but also has to keep the company’s best interests in mind, too. It’s unfair to expect special treatment based on personal BFFness- not only unfair to your boss, but to your other colleagues as well. You never want there to be even a hint of impr opriety, so keep things straightforward and professional. Then celebrate together later with a cat video.As with just about everything else, the motto for salary renegotiation is â€Å"be prepared.† Knowing your worth and having as much information as possible at your fingertips once you open the dialogue will give you a strong platform. You may or may not get the exact dollar figure you want, but going into the process with confidence and concrete reasons is the best way to start.

The Peters Projection and the Mercator Map

The Peters Projection and the Mercator Map Proponents of the Peters projection map claim that their map is a good, fair, and non-racist view of the world. Theyre comparing their map to the almost-defunct Mercator map. Unfortunately, geographers and cartographers agree that neither map projection is appropriate for use as a map of our planet. The Mercator vs. Peters controversy is truly a moot point. Both maps are rectangular projections and are poor representations of the planet. But heres how each came to prominence and in most cases, misuse. The Peters Projection German historian and journalist Arno Peters called a press conference in 1973 to announce his new map projection that treated each country fairly by representing area accurately. The Peters projection map used a rectangular coordinate system that showed parallel lines of latitude and longitude. Skilled at marketing, Arno claimed that his map more fairly displayed third world countries than the popular Mercator projection map, which distorts and dramatically enlarges the size of Eurasian and North American countries.   While the Peters projection does (almost) represent the land of equal area equally, all map projections distort the shape of the earth, a sphere.   Peters Picks Up Popularity   Proponents of the Peters map were vociferous and demanded that organizations switch to the new, fairer map of the world. Even the United Nations Development Programme began using the Peters projection in its maps. But the popularity of the Peters Projection may have been due to a lack of knowledge about basic cartography.   Today, relatively few organizations use the map, yet the evangelizing continues.   Peters chose to compare his strange-looking map to the Mercator map because he knew that it was an inappropriate map of the earth. Defenders of the Peters projection claim that the Mercator projection distorts the size of countries and continents in the Northern Hemisphere and a  place like Greenland appears to be the same size as Africa, yet Africas land mass is actually fourteen times larger. These claims are certainly all true and correct. The Mercator map was never intended to be used as a wall map and by the time Peters started complaining about it, the Mercator map was well on its way out of fashion anyway. The Mercator Map The Mercator projection was developed in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator as a navigation tool. Like the Peters map, the grid is rectangular and lines of latitude and longitude are all parallel. The Mercator map was designed as an aid to navigators since straight lines on the Mercator projection are loxodromes or rhumb lines representing lines of constant compass bearing perfect for true direction. If a navigator wishes to sail from Spain to the West Indies, all he has to do is draw a line between the two points and the navigator knows which compass direction to continually sail to reach their destination. The Mercator map has always been a poor projection for a world map, yet due to its rectangular grid and shape, geographically illiterate publishers found it useful for wall maps, atlas maps, and maps in books and newspapers published by non-geographers. It became the standard map projection in the mental map of most westerners. The argument against the Mercator projection by the pro-Peters folks usually discusses its advantage for colonial powers by making Europe look a lot larger than it actually is on the globe. Mercator No Longer Widely Used Fortunately, over the past few decades, the Mercator projection has fallen into disuse from many reliable sources. In a 1980s study, two British geographers discovered that the Mercator map did not exist among dozens of atlases examined. But some major map companies still produce wall maps using the Mercator projection.   In 1989, seven North American professional geographic organizations (including the American Cartographic Association, National Council for Geographic Education, Association of American Geographers, and the National Geographic Society) adopted a resolution that called for a ban on all rectangular coordinate maps. The resolution called for the complete elimination of the use of the Mercator as well as the Peters projection. But what to replace them with? Alternatives to Mercator and Peters Non-rectangular maps have been around for a long time. The National Geographic Society adopted the Van der Grinten projection, which encloses the world in a circle, in 1922. Then in 1988, they switched to the Robinson projection, on which the high latitudes are less distorted in size (but more so in shape). Also in 1998, the Society began using the Winkel Tripel projection, which provides a slightly better balance between size and shape than the Robinson projection. Compromise projections like the Robinson or Winkle Tripel present the world in a more globe-like look and are strongly encouraged by geographers. These are the types of projections youll see on maps of continents or of the world today.

[Political Economy]Draw the view of good community and its purpose by Essay

[Political Economy]Draw the view of good community and its purpose by classical philosopher like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Be - Essay Example The two individuals and their parties hold divergent views and positions on the political economy of the American Nation. This essay will generally view the whole country as one single national community. The paper will analyze and argue the ideas of what is good for the community and review the party and candidate positions in the presidential elections campaigns. The Community and the American Vote In the ongoing political campaigns, both candidates are seeking the votes of various groups. They are seeking the votes of young people, seniors, the wealthy, the middleclass, the poor, professionals, and the jobless, among many different other categories of voters. In wooing the different voters, the candidates and their parties are proposing different policies that they feel will better suit the whole American community while at the same time benefitting some special interest groups. A government's budget is more than a mass of numbers; it reveals a nation's priorities and aspirations. The Obama and Romney budget proposals offer two starkly different visions of America's future, making this election the sharpest contrast between competing economic philosophies since Lyndon Johnson routed Barry Goldwater in 1964. (Blinder) For example, one strategy proposed to achieve the good of the community is President Obama’s Medical Care program that was signed into law in 2010. The law seeks to afford every American citizen universal health care. The Democrats have been in its full support while the Republicans have been critical about it. Obamacare seems to respond to Bentham's theory of Utilitarian rights as explained in his book, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. The most common criticism of Obamacare is that it encourages a culture of dependency and undeserved entitlement. Distribution of Power and Wealth for the Good of the Community Morath (2012) aptly captures the differences the two politicians and their parties approach the campaigns and issues affecting the voter. Kevin Hassett, adviser to  Mitt Romney, said the Republican nominee would take a hard line on entitlement spending that would create the â€Å"sigh of relief effect† needed to encourage businesses to expand. Obama adviser  Jeffery Liebman  said the president would spark job growth, and ultimately consumer demand, through targeted spending on infrastructure, schools and public safety. (Morath) Taxation is one area where the two presidential aspirants widely differ in policy. Both parties offer taxation policies that work according to the philosophies of distribution as expounded by Aristotle in his views on distributive justice. â€Å"Yet the true friend of the people should see that they be not too poor, for extreme poverty lowers the character of the democracy; measures therefore should be taken which will give them lasting prosperity.† (Aristotle, Politics, in Sommerville, p.93) Rousseau asserts that the general will is most impo rtantly enforced by the rule of law and is for the good of both the individual and the community. The general will serves first the community of citizens, rather than the rich minority. This seems in line with the taxation proposals by Obama’s team to tax the rich more. The 2012 election seems to represent some contest between the rich and the poor. Gazing beyond the rhetoric, they would notice how unwilling each party really is to cede any

Fast, global,and entrepreneurial; supply chain management , hong kong Case Study - 1

Fast, global,and entrepreneurial; supply chain management , hong kong style and interview with victor fung - Case Study Example Several changes have been done since its establishment in a bid to conform to the recent demands in the supply chain management field. Globalization has brought about increased interactions among countries in different continents. As such there has been increased focus on eliminating some of the most recurrent challenges faced during conduction of international business such as language barrier. Organizations conducting international businesses have invested deeply in overcoming language barriers among other challenges leading to elimination of intermediaries such as interpreters. During the first years of its establishment, Li Fung ripped heavily from interpretation due to the ability of its founder to speak English. However, such a role in the modern day is seemingly irrelevant hence the need to come up with other strategies to gain competitive advantage. For instance, Li Fung came shifted focus to production of full products from the entire region rather than a single product from one place. This increased relevance of the company in the supply chain since an organization could rely on Li Fung to get all necessa ry materials required at one point. This implies that organizations need to constantly come up with strategies corresponding to market changes in order to prevent elimination. However, production techniques changed once again hence Li Fung was now charged with the responsibility of managing the entire production process for its clients to come with a finished product. However, changes in economic status in Hong Kong triggered yet another shift to employment of dispersed production. This shows that market status is heavily dependent on the economy among other external factors. The changes evident in the life span of Li Fung are a clear indicator of the many changes requiring attention taking effect in the supply chain management sector. This implies that