Apwh Ch.9 Study Guide

How did the Persian conquest set the stage for the emergence of the Maurya empire? The Persian Conquest left Asia without a ruler, this allowed Chandragupta Maurya to exploit the opportunity and lay down the foundation for the Maurya Empire. . What were five major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka?The five major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka were to conquer Kalinga and bring it under Mauryan control, communicated his policies throughout his realm by inscribing edicts in natural stone formations or pillars he ordered to be erected, established his capital at the fortified city of Pataliputra, created a central treasury to oversee the efficient collection of taxes, and he converted to Buddhism. How did the Gupta administrative practices differ from the Maurya?Ashoka had insisted on knowing the details of regional affairs, which he closely monitored from his court at Pataliputra. The Guptas left local government and administration, and even the making of basic policy, in the hands of their allies in the various regions of their empire. How did India fit in to the trade along the Silk Road? The Silk Road allowed India to trade cotton, spices, and gems in return for horses and bullion from the west and silk from China. In what ways did the development of trade and manufacturing impact the caste system?The development of trade and manufacturing led way to new groups of artisans, craftsmen and merchants, many who did not fit easily in the established structure. Individuals that worked in the same craft usually got together to form a guild, a corporate body that watched prices and wages in an industry and provided for the members and their families. What are the fundamental beliefs of Jainism? What has been its long-term impact? Why did it never become as popular as other major world religions? The fundamental beliefs of Jainism are ahisma or nonviolence, that verything has a soul, and that there should not be a caste system. It never became as popular as o ther major world religions because the ascetic life that is enforced was too extreme. Its long term impact is that it influenced many beliefs in China up until the nineteenth century. What was the popular appeal of Buddhism? How does it compare and contrast to Hinduism? The appeals of Buddhism are that there is less dependence on Brahmins for ritual services, there was no caste or jati, and it did not demand the rigorous asceticism of Jainism.Buddhism is different from Hinduism because Buddhists use vernacular tongues instead of Sanskrit. It is similar to Hinduism because they both believe in reincarnation, originated in india, made people live according to a certain way (dharma/eightfold path) and they both have the idea of heaven or a spiritual union (nirvana and moksha). How did early Buddhism evolve into Mahayana Buddhism? How did that help spread the religion? Buddhism evolved into Mahayana Buddhism because innovations opened the road to salvation for large numbers of people.Th is helped it because education institutes preferred it to the other form of the religion, thus spreading it efficiently. How did Hinduism evolve in India during this period? Three epics of Hinduism, the Mahabharta, Ramayana, and the Bhagavad Gita reinforced the caste system by emphasizing active life and adherence to caste over the ascetic life. This message opened Hinduism to common people who are used to the caste system and allowed Hinduism to overtake Buddhism.Why did Buddhism eventually lose popularity in India? Buddhism eventually lost popularity in India because it was gradually displaced by Hinduism. It grew remote from the popular masses in India. Terms to know: Boddisatva, Mahayana, stupas, caste system, Jainism, Ashoka Maurya, dharma Dharma: in hinduism, it is the duties and obligations of each caste Caste system: a strict social structure in which classes are determined by heredity, wealth, or occupation Mahayana: a type of Buddhism that offers alvation to everyone and a llows popular worship Stupas: stone shrines that contain the remains and relics of the Buddha Boddisatva: In Mahayana Buddhism, a person who can reach nirvana but delays doing so to save suffering beings. Jainism: a religion that believed everything had a soul and believed in extreme aesthetics Ashoka Maurya: the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan empire to great heights and converted to Buddhism after battling the Kalinga tribe.

Sop for Informationsecurity

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Name: Degree sought: Information Security and Computer Forensics (ISCF) My decision to pursue Post Graduate study in the United Kingdom is underscored by my desire to be a part of the post graduate program at your institution. This university offers the flexibility needed for such a vast rapidly changing field. The facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Information Technology is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at the things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. So doing a masters degree in Information Security and Computer Forensics (ISCF) is next logical step in my career. My interest in Information Security blossomed during my Graduation where Computer Science was my major subject. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study Information Systems and Security is a subject that has fascinated me a lot. The subjects I have studied at my graduation level include Computer Science, Statistics and Mathematics. This laid strong foundation for my course in Computer Science. My undergraduate studies already focus on the Information processing and security and also statistical analysis of data which are extensively used in Information processing. After this I have joined level 1 course of M. I. T (Master of Information Technology) which was a joint program organized by B. M. Birla Science Centre (India) and University of Udine (Italy). During Level 1 of Masters degree, my interest for Information Security got even more boost with subjects like Advanced Computer Networks, Computer Security and Management Information Systems and I was awestruck by the vastness of Information Security and how far we can use this features to secure our data and also safeguarding our networks. All this gave me a strong desire to do a full fledge masters degree in Information Security and Computer Networks and the course offered by your university in Information Security and Computer Forensics (ISCF) will be an ideal course for me to become master in the area which I have been fascinated since long years. For the past months I have done a certification in Computer Networks from Zoom Technologies. This short sting has given me invaluable practical experience in various Computer Networks. During this time I have come across several professionals. Most of them working in different areas of communications and information technology. Interactions with them have made me realize how rewardful it will be doing a masters and later PhD in this area. My discussion with them convinced me that specializing in Information Systems and Security will suit me very well. It has given me the confidence to pursue a Masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research in this area. After proper examining contents of the course in Information Security and Computer Forensics (ISCF) provided by the University I am very much convinced that this course would give me a cutting edge in the area of Information Security and Computer Forensics and a lifetime opportunity of doing a research. It is strong belief in my family that the UK education system has the best to offer in the whole world. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectual stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. With all the educational background and qualifications I have, I hope University will consider me for pursuing Masters Degree. Yours sincerely,

Analysis of Poetry Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Poetry Essay This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals: 21st Century Skills—You will use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills and communicate effectively. Introduction In this activity, you will read and analyze three poems by different poets and examine the similarities and differences among them. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: Read and Analyze Poetry Read these poems, which revolve around the ideas of darkness and the night: â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† by Dylan Thomas â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† by Robert Frost â€Å"We Grow Accustomed to the Dark† by Emily Dickinson Read the poems a few times, noting each one’s theme, mood, form, structure, rhyme scheme, and use of imagery and figurative language. Use the provided table to record your analysis. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† â€Å"We Grow Accustomed to the Dark† theme Mortality Isolation To â€Å"find the light† imagery Sunrise and sunset Loneliness figurative language Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay Personification and rhyming Darkness and light mood Somber desperation Discomfort Sadness form Villanelle Iambic pentameter Lyric poem meter, structure, and rhyme scheme five three-line stanzas and a sixth stanza with four lines Terza rima, ABABCBCDCDADAA, Italian form Rhythm is similar throughout, but changes from eight and six syllable lines to seven and six syllables to seven and six syllables. Write a 250-500-word essay describing the similarities and differences you found in the poems. Address the following points in your essay: Examine how the subject of darkness is used in each of the three poems. How has each poet woven the central idea of the poem around the subject? Compare and contrast the figurative devices used in each poem. How do they affect the mood and relate to the theme of the poem? Point out the differences in style and tone, including the choice of words. Which poem do you think has the greatest overall impact on readers? Which one communicates its message most directly and effectively? Which poem appeals most to you? Give reasons to explain your answers. As with any essay, this essay should be structured into paragraphs, with a clear introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Arrange your ideas logically and group them into paragraphs, using suitable words to mark transitions between ideas. Remember to provide textual evidence from the poems for your opinions. The similar ideas of dark and night appear in works by Emily Dickinson, Dylan Thomas, and Robert Frost, but the meaning of the two concepts in context of the literary works differ greatly. In Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"We Grow Accustomed to the Dark†, Dylan Thomas’ â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night†, and Robert Frost’s â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† the theme of night and darkness is compared and contrasted through the literary elements of point of view, imagery, and structure. The concept of darkness and night is portrayed through the use of point of view. In each of these poems, the poet writes in the first tense, giving the reader a sense that the narrator has personally experienced the presence of the symbolic â€Å"darkness† and â€Å"night†. However, while â€Å"We Grow Accustomed to the Dark† is written in a plural point of view, â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is written in a singular view, and â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night† is from the speaker point of view. This gives a differing meaning to dark and night between these poems, because although Dickinson’s plural poem encompasses humanity as a whole, showing the dark to be a natural point in life, Frost’s poem depicts the night his character is experiencing as a lonely, solitary happening, and Thomas’ poem shows loneliness and wanting for companionship. The differences in these poems help to show night as a more unnatural and depressing experience than the dark that happens to everyone. __________________________________________________________________________ Evaluation Your teacher will use these rubrics to evaluate the completeness of your work as well as the clarity of thinking you exhibit. Provides a complete and accurate analysis of each poem Exhaustively lists instances of figurative language and use of imagery Provides a concise but compelling description of the mood and theme of each poem Provides a complete and largely correct analysis of each poem Lists most instances of figurative language and use of imagery Provides an effective description of the mood and theme of each poem Provides a complete analysis of the poems with some inaccuracies Lists some instances of figurative language and use of imagery Provides a passable description of the mood and theme of each poem Provides an incomplete analysis of the poems with some inaccuracies Lists only a few instances of figurative language and use of imagery Attempts to describe the mood and theme of the poems Thoroughly addresses all the points mentioned Effectively compares how the subject has been woven into the central idea in the three poems Thoroughly evaluates and compares the effect of figurative language and imagery in the poems Insightfully compares the style and impact of the poems Provides strong textual evidence to support opinions Structures the essay exceptionally well, has a compelling introduction and conclusion, and uses transitions to enhance the organization of ideas Consistently uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation throughout Adequately addresses most of the points mentioned Effectively compares how the subject has been woven into the central idea in the three poems Adequately evaluates and compares the effect of figurative language and imagery in the poems Effectively compares the style and impact of the poems Provides adequate textual evidence to support opinions Structures the essay well, has a meaningful introduction and conclusion, and uses transitions effectively Largely uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation Adequately addresses some of the points mentioned Compares how the subject has been woven into the central idea in the three poems Evaluates and compares the effect of figurative language and imagery in the poems to some extent Compares the style and impact of the poems Provides some textual evidence to support opinions Structures the essay into paragraphs, has an introduction and a conclusion, and uses transition words Makes a few mistakes in grammar, spelling, and punctuation Marginally addresses some of the points mentioned and omits others Attempts to compare how the subject has been woven into the central idea in the three poems Inadequately describes the effect of figurative language and imagery in the poems Attempts to compare the style and impact of the poems Does not provide textual evidence to support opinions Does not structure the essay well and does not use transitions effectively Makes several mistakes in grammar, spelling, and punctuation Analysis of Poetry. 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Marketing Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Audit - Essay Example This report will look into the factors that make Best Western a success and those that limit its performance. The Best Western is a one of a kind place which offers an eclectic experience to all who stop by it. The property is spread out over 17 acres of lush gardens and knitted closely with the North Yorkshire Moors. Their food is their main attraction. There are three main Chapters in the essay. Chapter 1 - explores the background to the topic. This section looks into the market segments, the marketing mix and the trends that affect the productivity of the overall place. Changing needs, wants, attitudes and trends are mentioned as well as roots that cause of marketing problems. Chapter 2 - highlights the important points for the reader. This essay will make use of the PEST analysis to look into the political, economic, social and technological aspects that have an influence on Best Western. The SWOT analysis also was presented in the essay, that is an insight into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are faced by any businesses. Chapter 3 - provides both a summary of the research and conclusions made by the researcher. Some recommendations were mentioned, such as: Best Western needs to stop relying on its reputation and devise marketing strategies that actually go after the consumers and doesn’t wait for them to show up themselves. It also was suggested to increase productivity by adapting to the changes, that were brought in by the creative and technological industries.

Critical Analysis of a curriculum model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Analysis of a curriculum model - Essay Example Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the Singapore Kindergarten Curriculum. The cultural, political and/ or theoretical constructs that underpin the curriculum, and the issues and debates therein will be investigated. All registered kindergartens in Singapore come under the purview of the Ministry of Education. Kindergartens cater to the needs of children aged between three and six years, with children aged three in nursery classes, and children four to six years of age in kindergarten (K1 and K2) classes. Class size may range from twenty to forty children (Lim, 1998). Preschool and kindergarten prepare the young child for admission to school at the age of seven years. In Singapore, the term ‘preschool’ includes both child care centres and kindergartens, available in both the private and public sectors. Preschool programmes are provided by numerous large organisations such as The People’s Action Party Community Foundation which organises up to 70% of the kindergarten classes for preschoolers, the People’s Association and the National Trade Union Congress (Lim, 1998). The range of settings include religious-based preschools such as those managed by churches, workplace child care centres, private kindergartens such as Montessori kindergarten, government-subsidised kindergartens, commercial organisation- or private-run facilities (Ling-Yin, 2006). Early years’ provision for education and care has been extremely diverse in Singapore until the formulation and implementation of the Ministry of Education’s Nurturing Early Learners: A Framework for a Kindergarten Curriculum in Singapore in 2003. Before introducing the new curriculum, in spite of the centralised management of the various forms of preschool settings by the Ministry of Education, the provision for early childhood remained extremely varied, differing according to the social strata, cultural group, family and parental needs. Because of the

Marketing Communication Plan for Gap 360 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Communication Plan for Gap 360 - Essay Example all also identify that have an influence within the external and the internal micro and macro environment in the gap travel period and the market within which they operate. The key strengths of the company are a strong management team and deep market knowledge. This is supported by a healthy knowledge of web and strong design contacts that help to build a stronger travel network. Good understanding of social networking and internet marketing supported by plenty of financials support the Gap 360’s plans. The key weaknesses for Gap 360 is the economic slowdown and the rise in the number of small competitors has contributed towards rising costs of marketing and raise the difficulty in gaining the desired speed of SEO. The key opportunities that face Gap 360 include significant opportunities to hire top talent at cheap costs because of the economic scenario. Additionally, the company also has the advantage of economies of large scale operations in competition to smaller firms that operate with high overhead costs. Quick corporate structure and strategic partnerships can speed up the growth process for the company. The few threats the Gap 360 needs t o be careful about encompass the weak economic condition that reduces the disposable income at the hands of the consumer who, in turn, reduces his spending on leisure travel. Investment shortfall and inefficiency in operations might also cause serious setbacks (Hill and Jones, 2012; Goodley, 2010). The political scenario of United Kingdom is quite stable while the company organizes travel trips to those countries which are safe for leisure and educational travel. On the economic front, the company is facing tough times due to the weakening UK economy and the financial crisis that caused it. UK spending on leisure activities has reduced and there is a huge unemployment problem. The social scenario looks favourable to support gap year travels. The trend is also emerging in other nations like Australia, which might help Gap

A partnership agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A partnership agreement - Essay Example While such procedure will be effective in prevention of future conflicts, it has been found that conflicts are inevitable due to changes in laws and circumstances. It is also impossible to document every aspect of the partnership and as such, the document needs to be flexible enough to allow the inclusion of changing needs and circumstances of the partnership. Partnership agreements may need to be modified in the instance of divorce settlements, which may lead to the family members of a partner receiving shares, bankruptcy, death, retirement, disability, translocation of a partner, a partner intending to sell after getting a nice offer, debts taken out on the partnership. All of these reasons make strong the argument for the partnership agreement to be made flexible.Divorce Settlements  At the time of getting into marriage, many partners overlook many of the provisions of a partnership agreement. In most instances, it is assumed that divorce or separation will not occur.. However, it has to be acknowledged that divorce and separation are an inevitable occurrence of modern life. It is thus important that since the marital circumstances of the partners may change in the future the partnership agreement be flexible enough to allow the inclusion for the changing circumstances. It s estimated that about a million of the businesses in the US are co owned by wife and husbands in a partnership. That being said it is inevitable that conflicts will arise in instances of divorce or separation of the couple.... All of these reasons make strong the argument for the partnership agreement to be made flexible. Divorce Settlements At the time of getting into marriage, many partners overlook many of the provisions of a partnership agreement. In most instances, it is assumed that divorce or separation will not occur.. However, it has to be acknowledged that divorce and separation are an inevitable occurrence of modern life. It is thus important that since the marital circumstances of the partners may change in the future the partnership agreement be flexible enough to allow the inclusion for the changing circumstances. It s estimated that about a million of the businesses in the US are co owned by wife and husbands in a partnership. That being said it is inevitable that conflicts will arise in instances of divorce or separation of the couple. To add on to that many of the people who enter into business partnerships with other people other than their spouses are usually married. The resources broug ht into the business may thus be considered to belong to the family. Upon divorce, the couple may be required by law to divide the shares in the business in the interests of justice. A partnership agreement that does not take into account such things as divorce may thus need to be amended in order to accommodate the new dispensation. This is best exemplified in Estate of Cohen v. Booth Computers in which Cohen was suing her husband over shares held jointly by both of them. The judge ruled that Cohen was entitled to a share in the company by virtue of marriage since there was no express provision in the partnership agreement that was against such as scenario (Mahler, 2011). Bankruptcy Bankruptcy is the inability of a person to pay

Food crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food crisis - Essay Example Adverse weather condition is associated with the increasing cost of goods due to prevailing lack of supplies or production. Krugman tries to emphasize that the origin and implication of food crisis is traced back to changing climate which resulted further to droughts and floods. The intense heat is said to be the reason why there is an ample amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This is said to result to heavy raining which causes flood in certain parts of the world especially in the tropics. Krugman believes that this slows down food production that eventually becomes the greatest contributing factor of the recent food crisis. The issue of changing climate may not be far as reason to contribute to food crisis. In fact, the very thought about changing weather condition to affect food production and supply is very relevant enough as a reason. Heavy rain, typhoon and other environmental impacts brought by changing climate all over the world may not be far enough to affect production and supply of food. However, it seems that the issue of changing weather condition is just only in addition to the problem of food crisis. It cannot be entirely considered as the root cause of the problem on the lack of food production or supply in the world. There are prior issues to this that need to be considered that eventually have contributed to global food crisis. Population increase Food crisis is caused by rapidly increasing population in the world (Grigg, 1980). This is the reason why there is a need to come up with biotechnology and other related technological innovation in order to increase production and supply of foo d. Food production is necessary in order to meet the spiraling forward demand of the people. Increasing food production is eventually the answer to the number of world’s population and the corresponding demand for food. With biotechnology for instance, it has become a good idea to promote genetic modification of some plants and domestic animals in order to enhance their characteristics to eventually ensure more production. For instance, with BT corn technology, the plant’s characteristics are enhanced and improved to fight harmful pests and diseases. The result would be to enhance growth and production. There are certainly diseases of the corn that can be prevented when some genetic modification has to be implemented. This is just one of the good promises of advancing food production through innovation with science and technology. In short, the need to come up with this or undergo this level of process is highly associated with the rising demand for food because of the increase and demand of the world as its population continues to grow in number year after year. The world’s population in 2008 is different from 2010’s or 25 years from the past. There is certainly corresponding increase in number of the world’s population and this is a great contributing factor why shortage of food has become eminent. There are more people to be fed. This contributes to social, political and economic concerns of a nation. In general, this specific event calls for social, economic and political concerns as well. The issue of distribution Some says that food crisis is caused by significantly simple political and economical issue more than anything else. There are some countries that are said to be not so willing to distribute to the world what they essentially have with them. This primarily involves the issue of food distribution. There is reputed issue about food distribution today and from the past. This makes food crisis not just a matter of availability of food but of distribution. Some countries eventually are not that willing to share what they have especially the raw materials in food production. China for instance is

Discussion and self reflection assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion and self reflection assignment - Essay Example Leaders constantly challenge the established process and improve on the areas in the process that needs it. The never cease in searching for challenging opportunities to change, grow, innovate, and improve. Hence, they are willing to experiment, take risks and learn from whatever mistakes they fall upon (Kouzes and Posner, 2007). They are not afraid of change and are willing to get out of their comfort zones to choose the best options. Leaders inspire a shared vision with their followers. They communicate their vision well enough for their followers to understand clearly, and together, they envision an uplifting and ennobling future (Kouzes and Posner, 2007) . Leaders enlist more people to share such a vision by appealing to their values, interests, hopes and dreams (Five Practices of the Exemplary Leader, n.d.) Leaders are also enablers. They are good at encouraging people to act on their own by providing them with the tools and methods to solve their problems. Leaders foster collaboration and among their members (Kouzes and Posner, 2007). When the followers are trusted to fulfill tasks delegated to them, they feel confident and capable to do more for the team. Leaders have to be good models, most especially when the going gets tough. They should exhibit an attitude and behavior of positivism that their followers can emulate. Leaders set examples consistent with their own values. They are not afraid to stand for their beliefs. To encourage their followers, they create opportunities for their followers to experience small wins with the hopes of eventually gaining bigger ones (Kouzes and Posner, 2007). Lastly, leaders should encourage their followers’ hearts by recognizing individual contributions and celebrating team accomplishments (Kouzes and Posner, 2007). Such positive response further motivates others to work even harder. I agree with Kouzes & Posner’s model

E-commerce and the world wide web an evolving relationship Research Paper

E-commerce and the world wide web an evolving relationship - Research Paper Example The inauguration of e-commerce could be pursued way back when telegrams, telex, telephones and fax were being used for commercial activities. In 1980, with the use of EDI, efforts were made in order to systemize the business information. The network between businesses were planned and based on value added network (Amor, 2000). The efficiency of carrying out the business was improved; however the commercial growth was limited because of the costly network. In 1990s, due to the internet being commercialized and arrival of computer technology, the network became economical for businesses as well as for the individuals (Amor, 2000). World Wide Web was formed due to the interrelationship. Businesses began approaching their customers by using the internet and to give the information related to marketing or online directory of product. Since then World Wide Web has emerged as a potential place for e-commerce practices (Gundry, & Kickul, 2010). E-commerce is expanding across the globe, which is opening the challenges and opportunities for a group of websites that are able to give e-business development. ECOMMERCE AND WORLD WIDE WEB E-commerce has been increasing all over the globe. Today many businesses are using the internet, websites, extranets and electronic data interchange to carry out e-commerce. E-commerce has been emerging, and whether it is a manufacturing company, a service organization or a retail store, e-commerce is being used by almost by every firm (Smith, 2011). E-commerce through the internet has been a valuable source which could be any source like online advertising, websites, blogs, videos, YouTube, or social media etc. Today businesses form their official websites to carry e-commerce or online transactions. These websites promote the information gathered from the decision making of the consumers regarding their purchases. E-commerce websites assist in building a relationship with consumers by offering usual communications (Smith, 2011) The internet or World Wide Web is not only considered to be an excellent source of communication among the people around the world, but it is also becoming one of the fastest and the most preferred sources for business transactions. Many successful business titans around the globe are addressing e-commerce in order to operate their businesses. Not only business titans, but also many small firms are also making full use of e-commerce and websites that could allow online shopping facilities (Gundry, & Kickul, 2010). World Wide Web has the ability to recognize a huge availability of market potential. Internet is one of the most secured channels to carry out the financial transaction that is the reason why it is attracting many people. The range of e-commerce is as wide and diverse as the internet is. Today anything can be bought through the internet, from the smallest needle to the biggest jumbo airline. Hotel reservations concerning flights have now been a reality. As the population is increasing , more and more people are using these types of facilities which make them comfortable, and it is the most secured means. This field has been emerging like any other field. Businesses make strategies in order attract consumers towards their web. Internet constantly has been broadcasting as the source of communication for the transactions of commerce (Gundry, & Kickul, 2010). In 1999, out of total retail sales, e-commerce was approximated to be $15 billion, which included both business to business and business to consumer (Gundry, & Kickul, 2010). The numbers are constantly increasing after that analysis as the demand has been increasing for the online goods and services. Another reason for the evolving relationship between e-commerce and World Wide Web is that the recognition of the internet as a resource for information and commercial transaction has been on the rise (Gundry, & Kickul, 2010). For the past decade, organizations perform their businesses through the inter

The Prince by Machiavelli Essay Example for Free

The Prince by Machiavelli Essay In Chapter 25 of his masterwork The Prince, Machiavelli attempted to describe and define fate and how it could be controlled in both political and personal life. In defining ones life and actions against fate, Machiavelli saw the importance of forming a balance of the human tendencies of caution and impulsiveness. Machiavelli favored impulsiveness in regard to human actions directed towards fate, but he saw legitimate value in both mindsets. What he saw as most important was a willingness to change in the face of fate, as the ability to adapt is most important when facing change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Machiavelli used the image of a torrential flood to describe fate. To Machiavelli, fate was like the flood in that â€Å"everything flies before it, all yield to its violence, without being able in any way to withstand it; and yet, though its nature be such, it does not follow therefore that men, when the weather becomes fair, shall not make provision, both with defences and barriers, in such a manner that, rising again, the waters may pass away by canal, and their force be neither so unrestrained nor so dangerous.† (Machiavelli, 1505, Chapter 25) This implies that what Machiavelli truly meant by fate is uncontrollable change, outcomes in the world that directly affect those that are not necessarily involved in those changes, social or technological, political or personal. These changes happen without the consent of all and therefore many   merely must roll with the punches, although men can make plans that will help them roll with those punches when the time for change arrives. To be sure, change is coming, although one cannot be sure exactly how or when it will come but can make provisions that will be helpful when it does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After comparing fate to a torrential flood, Machiavelli went on to compare fate to a lady, in order to describe how   he would recommend mastering it. Machiavelli used a fairly non-modern view in the treatment of women to describe fate, saying that the best way to control fate, and women, was to beat and ill-use them. Furthermore, he saw that those bold and adventurous in spirit were more likely to control both women and fate and that young men are best equipped to handle both. While Machiavellis comparison between fate and women is easily seen as a bit sexist now, the comparison was certainly far more palatable when he made it. Further, the assertion that the young and bold are best equipped to deal with change is probably correct; the young are less set in their ways and have more energy with which to attack new challenges. While the simile is certainly not politically correct, it certainly introduces a worthwhile observation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is an intriguing program to attempt to synthesize Machiavellis project in The Prince with the modern project of employing science and technology to overcome nature, both of the world and human. Machiavellis aim was certainly to investigate ways to overcome human nature. If a man was to act in accordance with human nature, Machiavelli saw, he would surely be bowled over by the tide of fate. Machiavelli went so far as to make a case study, a very modern concept, of Pope Julius II to show that decisive, aggressive action was the best methodology to combat change; further, he surely was not afraid to invoke images of technology stemming the natural tide. It seems most likely, however, that while Machiavelli was attempting to make observations that were ahead of his time, he was not absolutely modern in his mindset. Machiavellis chief goal of The Prince was to describe how a political leader could most effectively use political power. This serves as an incomplete view of modern politics, which in addition to aiming at efficiency in power usage also means to maximize the social benefit of that usage. Machiavelli centered on the practicality of politics without looking at its utility. He surely spoke of how to employ technology and science to serve human desire, but he did not define desire in a more complex, democratic, modern state, which should not be surprising, because the mindset had yet to arise. References Machiavelli. (1505). The Prince. Retrieved from: http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince00.htm

Integration Review Essay Example for Free

Integration Review Essay l. Abstract. After listing author, publisher, and date summarize what you have read as if you were the author boiling down the book into 500-750 tight words. Prove that you comprehend the readings by writing a no nonsense summary. The abstract is not a commentary or listing of topics, but rather a gut-deep insightful `precis` of the longer more elaborate book. Abstract equals boil down David Entwistle, Wipf Stock Publishers, August 2004. Perhaps one of the widely used reference-textbooks in undergraduate and graduate levels throughout the United States, the Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity tackles hard questions that plague many Christians and Mental Health Practitioners concerning the role of Psychology in today’s modern and largely Un-Christian world. The book presupposes on what Science and Christianity have in common. Eliminating the arguments on either side to a unified whole and working on it with the eyes of a surgeon, the logic of a philosopher-lawyer, the questioning stance of a scientist, and the heart beliefs of a Christian psychologist, Dr. Entwistle succinctly and ably placed almost all the puzzles in place regarding what is usually regarded as equally competing views on humanity. There is a need for integration; not only for its theoretical applicability but also for its practical usefulness. One of the premises that cannot be argued away at the outset is that the Bible is the only authoritative source for faith and practice. Here, both Christianity, for which it must, and psychology at the basic level must agree. Mainstream psychology or science generally, as we know, does not know that, much more recognize the Bible as authority or as absolute standard. This premise is true for all instances, and the author carefully was able to establish this in his treatise. No doubt as to his grasp of the doctrines contained in the Scriptures that are sufficient to life and its sustenance. Starting with differentiating that which is wholly a biblical worldview and vigilantly avoiding the â€Å"roadblocks† that the readers might mistake as something else other than the essentials of Christian beliefs, the author nudges in graduated measures to a clearer understanding of where he intends his reader to reach: which is the integration of these two distinct paradigms. For the author, looking at psychology and/or human behavior and its complexities as a faithful Christian, human individuals are understood as well as coined by different terminologies other than their biblical counterparts. To arrive to a common understanding of the fundamentals of Christianity and to relate that to social science is not an impossible task at all despite the â€Å"wide chasm† that had been erected by certain schools of thoughts coming from either side. Presuppositions or philosophical conceptualizations are the pillars of any worldview, and to successfully establish a new one requires that changes or reinforcements be made at this plane. The integrative approaches were framed at this level so as to remove mental oppositions as they arise every time in one’s thoughts. When this is not adequately laid down, no audience can align their thoughts or understanding with what the author (i. e. , David Entwistle) tries to convey. According to the author, social science and the basic principles of the Bible do not antagonize scientific findings, in most occasions. They do not come in conflict with each other in most of the ideals. For instance, the psyche or soul and its make up; rather science in a way confirms (as if it needs confirmation) what the Bible long declares. The issue then is not accepting a secular psychology nor accepting a liberal theology; rather it is the accepting of psychology as a discipline science. Narrowing it down, psychology simply tries to study the human mind and how it functions. The Christian mind is the focus of most of the New Testament doctrine and principles. Its sanctification and renewal is one of Christianity’s lifelong primary objectives; and it is definitely God’s objectives as well as declared clearly in the Scriptures. It is His will for the people’s lives to have their minds changed or renewed. In this standpoint, science very well is able to relate its findings with how the mind works and how man relates these workings in his milieu and/or community. Dr. Entwistle puts aside every seemingly combatant view against psychology in general, and against seemingly narrow Christianity as well; so as to remove doubts to the a feasible and possible integration of psychology and Christianity. Declaring pitfalls of immature faith and pop psychology which respectively, easily captivate enthusiasts and followers alike, the approaches that the author actually took was to set aside what competing worldviews were there and faithfully move to abide to the demands of the Scriptures at the same time embracing the plausible scientific evidences that are emerging in psychology and examining these in the light of a complete revelation of the message of the Scriptures.

Food Security in America

Food Security in America GLOBAL FOOD INSECURITY: HOW FOOD SECURITY BEEN GOVERNED IN AMERICA? INTRODUCTION Food security is understands as food that can be access by people in one’s country. Food security become a global issue even in developed countries; hence still have not managed to handle it well. Food security has become a global issue as it been taking serious and involved with economic of country. The World Food Summit (1996), has provides full illustration and explanation of food security. They defined it as â€Å"When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life† The World Food Summit (1996). The conception of food security involved either substantial or financial access to food that meets people’s food needs and fulfil people daily dietary. Food insecurity is opposite word of food security which has profound in global issue whereas it becomes a health problem that correlated between dietary excess and health problems. Jenniffer Clapp and Mare J. Cohen (2009), in their book titled â€Å"The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenging and Opportunities† has explained food insecurity as the feeling of anxiety especially for those people who have low income salary in developing world categorized as food insecure (Clapp and Mare J. Cohen, 2009). Indeed, the food prices of food production increase and would not be able to control. Many scholars have described the meaning of food security. Nonetheless, but at the most broad level, food security is mention as the accessibility of nutrition and society’s capability to consume the right amount of healthy food. America still facing the same problem with others countries, as according to USDA there are several places that still having food insecure that above US average. There are many factors that led to food security challenges, namely population growth, demographic change, changes in food consumption patterns, rising global food prices, the development and use of new technologies in food production and global climate change. Each of these factors is consequence of food security. However, I am more concerned in this essay with the rising food prices in United State of America that been a crucial problem in this era of globalization. Even though America is developed country but hence it still facing the same problem with the developing ones. United States have their own definition to give the illustration of what has going on in America. Chris Hunt (1997) Food Program Director explained that they called food dessert as the term to describe the situation in US. Chris signifies food dessert as the place that has limited of healthy food and majority of low-income neighbourhoods. In such people in certain area may have excess to junk food than to healthy consume food such as vegetables and fruits. I shall discuss further on the rising food prices in US. FOOD PRICES GOES HIGH Rising food prices in the late of 2006 and increasingly during 2008, not everyone effort to by nutritious food because their salary remain same. Government of US implemented many programs to prevent this from spread over the nation. Jennifer Clapp (2009), in her book, she stated that food prices goes high in the mid of 2008. When there are no enough food productions, everything is in demand. The parties responsible for determining the price of goods has taken advantage by charging higher prices on to consumers due to high demand. Besides the food prices were at the high state because of the limited stock of supply. Furthermore, the staple foods by US citizens, namely corn, dairy products, wheat, grain and etc. has increasing in prices as well. I will write about the main courses of US food production. The food prices rose show grocers are starting to get ahead of their higher wholesale expenses toward customers. Paul Davidson (2014), he reported on USA Today newspaper that â€Å"†¦. Retail food prices rose 0.4% in March, the same as in February and the largest amount since September 2011. By comparison, the prices of all consumer goods rose 0.2% in March and 0.1% the month before, reports the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beef, pork, poultry, eggs and milk have had the most dramatic price increases as drought, a virus outbreak and rising exports have thinned U.S. supplies. Overall consumer prices rose 0.2% in March, a bit more rapidly than in recent months, and annual inflation was 1.5%, up from 1.1% in February. Annual inflation was 1.5% in March, up from 1.1% in February. Thats well below the Federal Reserves 2% target, as falling gasoline prices offset rising food costs†¦..† Practically every food staples in United States has goes up in price. Among the reasons the price increase is due to higher oil prices. Consequently import and export activities make the process of trade exchange in higher charge for example the transportation cost, the labor cost and etc. I believe that food providers also took the opportunity to raise the price of daily necessities such as the food companies, grocery stores and etc. While, according to USDA, the food insecurity in America has almost 15 percent of the populations were food insecure in the year 2010. The food insecurity is hard to measure. People with food insecurity have high risk to malnutrition, hunger and especially towards children; they might have the physical abnormal growth and mental disorder because of they have no enough nutrition to consume. I shall discuss further on this issue in the next section. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This essay will give answers to the following identified research questions below; †¢Who is governing the issue? †¢How is the issue being governed? †¢How fairly and effectively is the issue being governed? To discuss this, the next section of the essay would be devoted to literature review. LITERATURE REVIEW Research has been made previously that has discussed the food insecurity impacts on the global governance issue. Food insecurity defined as the situation where people do not have an enough access to healthy food. The concept of food security is describable as straightforward. It is to ensuring that people get enough excess to foods for their daily consume to healthy lifestyle. Rosemary Gail Rayfuse, and Nicole Weisfelt (2012), has proclaimed that to make sure that food security is not easy because there was a record stated that it has been a major problem in global issue (Rosemary Gail Rayfuse, and Nicole Weisfelt, 2012). The amount of people that has not have an enough excess to healthy food is still at the high risk. Craigh Pearson (edited by Rosemary Gail Rayfuse, and Nicole Weisfelt, 2012), he cited that the factors of food insecurity is because of food productions does not fulfil the needs of world’s population (Craigh Pearson 2012). Craigh emphasized that many factors that led to the food insecurity for example, insufficient of food stocks, ineffective of transportations, globalization of trade, economic and political factors as well. Food security has become a global issue since twenty-first century as it is the crucial problem that situated at the bond of environment, culture and technology. There are a lot of challenges facing through the era globalization. The more the world become globalize the more challenges facing to maintain the food security. Bryan L. McDonald (2010) provides full illustration and explanation of food security. According to Bryan (2010): â€Å"†¦rising food prices have motivated unrest in many parts of the world and increased the number of people who do not receive proper nutrition to levels not seen in decades. Agricultural and food production activities have been recognized as key drivers of environmental and climate changes at the same time that studies had revealed that food production could face significant and widespread impacts from these changes in coming decades†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The statement shown the rising food prices may lead to the problems of food security because not everyone is effort to buy food when the prices increasing. Especially for the poor households’ family definitely would not effort to buy the same food that have nutrition as rich households’ family. Smil 2000; Pinstrup 2007; Brown 2009 quoted by Bryan (2010), the key drivers that led to food insecurity which is meant that the absence of secure of food, as a daily realism for billions of citizen everywhere in the world making their live less secure. Food security is basically come out from three supports namely food availability, food access and food consumption. In other words, people need to have an enough access of healthy food at all the time to be food secure. Otherwise, those have not have enough access to dietary food is considered as food insecure. Rosemary G. and Nicole V. (20) edition of the book title The Challenge of Food Security: International Policy and Regulatory Frameworks, they said that food availability is not the problem of the food insecurity. The problem was the inability for the poorest people to buy food at the affordable prices. Even though the food stocks are available to access but yet, when the prices are high, people with low income salary would not be able to afford it. I shall discuss this in the next section of this write up. RQ 1: WHO IS GOVERNING THE ISSUE? The food security has been governed by a few bodies of international governmental organization, namely UN, WTO, USDA, FAO, and World Bank. The body that responsible in governing this issue is surely government of United State of America. The government of America itself has formed a society called United States of Development and Agriculture (USDA). USDA function as the body that helping rural citizens in America to flourish, they help to promote agriculture production to maintain the needs of Americans and at the same time providing others throughout the sphere with healthy food as well. Hence, USDA has contributed a lot towards the food security problems in their country. This body responsible to make sure that their people get enough nutrition food. Guaranteeing the food security has been a vital feature of world governance responsibility to encourage the sustainability of whole nations. I will discuss further of this on the research question number two â€Å"How this issue being governed?† Besides that, United Nations has played a crucial role in maintaining the food security in whole global. There are many agencies under United Nations that focusing on maintaining this food security policy. UN has their agency that work on this issue which is FAO. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is the agency that has 194 members of United Nation. FAO is responsible to make sure that people in the world get sufficient amount of food and get access to high-quality of healthy food. Nevertheless, FAO is responsible to eliminate food security, hunger and malnutrition in the world. I namely other organisation that has an important role in governing this issue which is World Trade Organisation (WTO), is the body that accountable in trade policy as well as food trade. The WTO is the membership organisation where independent nation-states assemble in order to extend regular policy for worldwide trade. Hence, the policy is the consequence of extensive processes of deliberation between member states. The agreement among member states normally without voting but they using common agreement between them. All these aforementioned governing bodies shall discuss more in the next research question. RQ 2:HOW IS THE ISSUE BEING GOVERNED? How this issue is being governed, I will elaborate it more details according to the functional bodies discussed previously. Government of United States has implemented many ways to try to overcome the food insecurity problems of their citizens. USDA has made research on the households that facing the food security problems and has the low income salary per capita. Discussing on how it is being governing, there are scholars according through their thesis, Alisha Coleman-Jensen, William McFall, and Mark Nord (2013), they have rightly observed that USDA have implemented an assistance programs in order to improve children’s food security by providing low-income households with access to a healthful diet and nutrition education. These programs by USDA are to support the amount of children that facing food insecurity. Children is the main asset of the world, so when there is limited excess to nutritious food, it might be effected the physically and mentally of the children itself. That is why government really concerned on this issue. The global food prices were on rise especially on the main food resources such as corn, wheat, cooking oil and grain. This really affected on media, economic, political agendas. Because of this factor, people of low income salary have limited access to the healthy dietary food. The government itself is trying at their level best to give the subsidies to their citizens through the many programs. The government of United States, Craig Gundersen (2012) in his article, he explained that to addressing food insecurity in U.S, they have to do some indication on how fundamentals, food banks, legislator, program bureaucrat and campaigner which can be use as the way to lessen the food insecurity. Craigh (2012) believed with these programs held by government of US helps to reduce food insecurity problems. For example, the contribution in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), previously known as the Food Stamp program, contribution in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), besides the use of crisis food assistance programs; decreasing the food prices; and improving financial management skills can all lead to reductions in food insecurity. Furthermore, the government of America has implemented the food assistance program which is considerable remote food assistance system which called as food banks. Food banks or distinguished as Feeding America, Craig (2012) in his writing, stated that there was 201 food banks and it is roughly 80 percent of all the food banks in the United States and food banks has served more than thousands of organisations (Craig 2012). These food banks have received straight contributions from food product companies, retail stores, restaurants, individual contributors as well as donations. When food banks received all donations from these parties, they managed to reduce the food insecurity in their country. World Trade Organisation the independent organization that deal with the international trade and food trade play an important part in governing this issue. The rising food prices in US, is because of high demand of the goods in global. In addition, WTO needs to control the trade activity between nations. WTO works on food security by implemented WTO Agriculture Committee in order to make sure how effectively the trade policy in ensuring the supplies of food. Trade policy and food security really related to one another. Christopher S., Romilly G., Jane K AND Stephen D. (2000) in their edition book, â€Å"The WTO Agreement on Agriculture and Food Security†, they believed that trade liberalisation really gives direct or indirect effects on food prices. The food prices might be affected due to the multilateral trade agreements. As WTO controlled over the duty and tariff of the goods, import and export, hence WTO needs to ensuring that the duty and taxes are acceptable and will not affected the government policies on the food prices. The effectiveness of these governing bodies is still questionable that I will discuss on that in next write up. RQ3: HOW FAIRLY AND EFFECTIVELY IS THE ISSUE BEING GOVERNED? Based on the current trends of the globalization, I personally think that this issue is not fair enough and still ineffectively being governed. Why I said so it is because of the citizens that comes from different background but still have to surrender to the rising prices of crude that not everyone can afford it. The goods increases due to insufficient natural resources are a major cause prices to rise sharply. People have limited access to staple foods because the human population is increasing and the food’s stock will not be able to meet the needs of all citizens. People need to prepare their own food needs and there must be sufficient amount of basic requirements and nutrition foods to meet their daily consuming dietary. Therefore, it is questionable whether the world can provide sufficient amount of foods to world’s population? The increases in prices of goods that are not constant and adoption from free markets are found ineffective ways to prevent food insecurity problems in the United States. There are still many people in United States who had to go through life without enough vigorous food. The government of United States itself is not being fair towards their citizens. The fairness is hard to achieve since rising food prices involving the global governance issue and it is global food prices. So far there is still no way of reduction made by the government in view of the increase in prices of goods remains in place. Even though there were programs handling in United States, I still believe there is no fairness regards on this issue as the foods are not distributed fairly. CONCLUSION Food security seems a lot tougher than before because of the increasing of world’s populations. The government and all agencies involved really have to take it in their nerves when the stocks of supplies are not enough to feed the populations. The food security problem has become a critical issue and the issue continuously happen through years. Food security References Bryan L. (2010) Food Security; Polity Press. Christopher S., Romilly G., Jane K. Stephen D. (2000) edt, The WTO Agreement on Agriculture and Food Security; Commonwealth Secretariat Craig G. (2012), Addressing U.S Food Insecurity; University of Illinois http://www.hungerfreecommunities.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Gundersen_AddressingtUSFoodInsecurityFINAL.pdf Jennifer C. and Marc J. (2009) edt, The Global Food Crisis; Governance Challenges and Opportunities; Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Paul Davidson (2014); USA Today; April 16, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/04/16/cpi-shows-food-prices-rising/7742669/ World Trade Organisation (2013), Food Security; Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/food_security_e.htm. 9th Jan 2015. USAID (2015); Agriculture and Food Security; retrieved from http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security Rosemary G. and Nicole V. (2012) edt, The Challenge of Food Security; International Policy and Regulatory Framework. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Marketing Principles :: GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursework

Marketing Principles A. Definitions 1. ABC ABC stands for activity based costing. This is defined as a method which identifies various activities needed to provide a product and determines the cost of these activities. I would say it is a method of breaking down the process of the business’ activity down to its root components. Then the causes of profit losses can be weeded out. For example, in a warehouse setting in which I worked, there were a few major departments which included receiving, stock dept., pick/pack, and shipping department. Merchandise traveled through the warehouse along this pathway. If say, production (boxes shipped) is down, we can specify the cause using this technique. Instead of just knowing that production is down, we may learn that the receiving dock is backed up , which leads to no merchandise for the stock dept., which results in orders being held up on the flows. Management can then find the cause of the backup in receiving and go from there. 2. ADEA Stands for the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, which, according to text, prohibits age discrimination and mandatory retirement. It was established in 1967. It pretty much explains itself. Basically, there cannot be a maximum age for employees, and termination can not be based solely on age. A good example of this would be a mother returning to the work force. They may be frowned upon due to their age. I have read somewhere that people over the age of forty are in a protected class, and cannot be discriminated against by virtue of the law. 3. BARS This stands for Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale. It is defined as a rating technique that relates an employees performance to a specific job related incident. This definition doesn’t really help me. It seems that the procedure is to define certain personality traits that are essential for a certain function, then to rate the prospective employee based on a scale of these trait. For example, someone applying to be a chef would be hired on base on a number of traits, one being prior experience. A ten on the scale would be something like, â€Å"10+ years of experience in a 4 star restaurant†, while a zero would be â€Å"no experience†. The employees â€Å"worth† could be determined by a composite of all these scales.

Definitions of Self in Community in Morrisons Sula and Song of Solomon

Definitions of Self In Community in Sula and Song of Solomon        Ã‚  Ã‚   "In that place, where they tore the nightshade and blackberry patches from their roots to make room for the Medallion City Golf Course, there once was a neighborhood" (Sula 1). Toni Morrison begins the novel Sula with these powerful words, describing more than a physical place, but a spiritual place where a community once stood. She begins with the destruction of the community, ultimately beginning at the end because her novel traces the history of this community. In Song of Solomon. Morrison takes the opposite path. She traces the history of self that ultimately ends in a type of destruction when Milkman leaps off the cliff. In both novels, however, she explores the tension between self and community and the sacrifices each demand from the other. Morrison's characters are both empowered and restricted by the heavy sense of community that operates in her novels. In all of her novels the characters are pulled along by and enmeshed in the communities in which they live. In Sula and Song of Solomon the struggles of me community and me characters with in the framework of community are me driving force behind much of me novel. Both the characters and the larger communities are irrevocably changed throughout me course of the novels the as tension to define both individual and community surfaces. From the opening lines of Sula which foreshadows me ultimate deem of me community, Morrison calls attention to me sense of community in the Bottom. In "Eruptions of Funk. Susan Willis says, "The opening line from Sula might as well have been me novel's conclusion, so complete is the destructioni it describes. This is the community Morrison is writing to reclaim" (315)... ... Pessoni, Michele. â€Å"‘She was laughing at their God.’: Discovering the Goddess Within Sula.† African American Review 29 (1995): 439-451. Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voices of Toni Morrison. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991. Rubenstein, Roberta. â€Å"Pariahs and Community.† Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. 126-1 58. Smith, Valerie. â€Å"Song of Solomon: Continuities of Community.† Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. 274-283. Willis, Susan. â€Å"Eruptions of Funk: Historicizing Toni Morrison.† Toni Morrison : Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. 308-329.      

Macbeth Does Not Deserve Our Sympathy Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeth  Does Not Deserve Our Sympathy    Our first impressions of Macbeth are that he is a hero, he is brave and fearless, and although we get this impression we also get the feeling that he is ruthless. We get this impression from the way he is referred to when his name is first mentioned. Macbeth has just been in battle against "The merciless Macdonwald" and a Captain is talking about how Macbeth and his fellow Captain, Banquo, performed in battle. While Macbeth is in battle the Thane of Cawdor is found to be a traitor and executed. The King, Duncan, hears of Macbeth's bravery and grants him the Thane's title. This leads us to believe that Macbeth is brave enough to deserve such a distinguished title. For Brave Macbeth - well he deserves that name Act 1 scene 2. Line 16 Till he unseamed him from the nave to the chops, Act 1 scene 2. Line 22 In Act 1 scene three the three Witches have gathered to prepare a spell for Macbeth. Macbeth and Banquo come across the three weird sisters and discuss how horrible they are. The witches begin to tell Macbeth that he will become Thane of Cawdor and then the King of Scotland. Macbeth initially wants to know more of what the witches are telling him, then dismisses their predictions as impossible. But how of Cawdor? The Thane of Cawdor lives Act 1 scene 3. Line 71 Before the murder of Duncan the King, Macbeth seems to be a moral person as he knows what is right and what is wrong. He wonders about the consequences of killing Duncan to become King of Scotland as he knows this is wrong. He tries to hide the things he is thinking from Duncan as he knows what he is thinking of is wrong because Duncan is a good friend. Almost from the moment he finds out that the witch's prediction ... ...o kill Macduff even if it means sacrificing himself. Tell thee Macduff was from his mother's womb untimely ripped Act 5 scene 6 line 54-55 I will not yield Act 5 scene 6 line 66 Yet I will try the last. Before my body I throw my warlike shield. Act 5 scene 6 line 71-72 Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada Ltd., 1991. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes, Slaves of Passion. Gloucester: Peter Smith Publisher Inc., 1973. Hawkes, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977. Hunter, G.K. â€Å"Macbeth in the Twentieth Century.† Aspects of Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir and Philip Edwards. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Oxford: OUP, 1994. Scott, Mark W. (Editor). Shakespeare for Students. Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan. 1992

CDR Engineer

I had worked as vascular support engineer to support the cardio vascular imaging systems in the region assigned to me. I had taken the responsibility to manage the overall service delivery and ensure the customer satisfaction to the optimum level. I provided expert phone and/or onsite technical support to field service and customers to minimize equipment downtime while improving customer satisfaction. I had taken additional responsibility to connect and configure all the imaging systems to the remote online centre through broad band and virtual private network connectivity.Since I was the technical support for the region, I had the responsibility to take care of the difficult technical issues which could not be solved by the field service engineers. I had taken initiative to perform the power and grounding audit for the southern region of India. I had been responsible to build the technical support team. i had reported on solid line to the regional service manager and dotted line to all India service manager. I had been assigned to handle and solve the frequent failure in mobile cardiac catheterization imaging system in one of our important end user site.This system had multiple breakdown and image quality issues. I had to solve the issue and bring back the customer confidence level in our equipment quality and service delivery. I had taken it as a challenge and started the work at the site. This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. Personal Workplace Activity: Prior to start the service work , i had gone through the service log books and the error log files of the system to know the root cause of the multiple  and frequent failure of the system.The data analysis from the log book and the service files, I found some serious power quality and grounding issue on the site. I had decided to conduct the preliminary power and qu ality audit in the site. I inspected the power distribution panel and found the power cable size was under rated and unable to take the load. During the imaging system usage these power feeding cables started heating up and resulted in cable insulation meltdown. So I recommended to change the power feeding cables with the correct size to withstand the load.I measured the ground impedance and found it extremely high. So I inspected the earth pit and found the bonding between the earth wire and the earth rod open. The electrical maintenance department of the hospital informed and corrective action had been taken immediately. Once the corrective action was taken, I measured the ground impedance again and found within the recommended level. I had booted up the imaging system and run the system diagnostic tests to isolate the problem. From the diagnostic test results, I suspected the problem in the High voltage and the control electronics.The high voltage circuit consists of inverter cir cuit, HV voltage tank with the filament transformer, HV cables for the anode and the cathode, and the x-ray tube. The block diagram as follows Since there was no x-ray output from the tube, I started the troubleshooting from the snubber board which feed the primary side of the HV tank. The snubber board contains four Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors that switches the very large currents applied to the input of the large step – up transformer in the High voltage tank.This pcb is designed with very low DC resistance and inductance to minimize the voltage drops at high currents. The resistorcapacitor-diode network on the board is used to damp the IGBT switch spikes. P. E. 2. 8 Due to the absence of x-ray generation, the system displayed low MA and low KV error message on the console monitor. This is due to absence of output from the secondary side of the HV tank. So I switched off the entire system and I checked the 400v, 70amps semiconductor fuse on the snubber board and foun d it defective.This fuse might be blown due to the fault current generated from the x-ray tube spit. The x-ray tube spit is generated in the glass tube insert of the x-ray due to the formation of metallization on the glass walls. Then I checked This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. resistance between IGBT emitter terminal and the chassis ground with the true RMS multimeter and found short. This indicated the damage of wire insulation in the IGBT.I found both the IGBT module faulty with the emitter to chassis ground short. So I replaced the IGBT module with the new one. After the replacement of IGBT module, I removed the anode and cathode HV cable on the tube side and inspected the HV cable connector and found lot of carbon deposits due to the tube spit. The carbon deposit on the HV cable pins hamper the effective conductivity, so I cleaned th e connectors with Chemotronics Electro-wash solution. I checked the HV receptacle well on the xray tube and found it completely damaged.The insulation between the filament supply and grid was completely lost. So I found it not repairable and the entire x ray tube assembly needed the replacement. I replaced the x-ray tube assembly with the new one. Before the power on, I decided to double check the HV tank which is the main part of HV Circuit. The HV tank develops the extremely high voltage necessary to operate the x-ray tube (up to 125kv). The tank includes resonant step up transformer, high voltage rectifiers, x-ray tube filament transformers, output ma and KV sensors and connectors.I checked the rectifiers and the primary and secondary windings of the transformer for any defect and found everything ok. P. E. 2. 11 Then I decided to do the KV in Open Loop test in HV tank. So I removed the HV cables on the HV tank output and filled the HV tank output receptacle with mineral oil. Lat er I switched on the system and run the KV open loop test and it passed ok. Then I restored the HV cable connection between the tank and the x-ray tube in system off state. P. E. 2. 12 The x-ray tube and IGBT module replacement required the following calibration and adjustments for the normal and safe function of the systemIGBT Module Dead time wave form adjustments Filament Calibration KV and MA metering calibration Radiation dose calibration First I had to adjust the dead time between the KV drives signals on each of the IGBT pairs to proceed with the other calibration properly. The improper dead time adjustment might lead to damage of IGBT and the Generator driver board (which supplies the trigger pulse to the IGBT module). I connected the dual trace oscilloscope on the test points on the Generator driver board and observed the waveform of both the IGBT drive signal.I found the drive signal between the base and emitter of the IGBTs out of tolerance during the peak load. So this m ight lead to cross-conduction in the IGBT module and the destruction of IGBT module. This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. The Generator driver PCB’s primary job is to convert the KVP drive signal from the High Voltage Supply regulator PCB to the levels necessary to drive the IGBTs on the SNUBBER PCB.So I connected the oscilloscope in the high voltage regulator PCB test points and found the amplitude and frequency of the waveforms normal. So the root cause was isolated and identified with the Generator driver PCB. The problem was found on two of comparator’s output drives the gate transformers, which provide isolation from the high current circuitry and from high voltages present on each of the IGBT module. The defective comparator IC chips were removed and replaced with the new one. After the replacement of the comparator IC ch ips the drive signals were found normal.I had proceeded with the IGBT dead time adjustment with the scope meter connected with the generator driver PCB and set it within the safer limit. I had checked the waveforms on the scope meter during the peak load condition and found ok. I performed the filament calibration at different KV and Ma station and updated the system filament drive database. This updated database might be used by the filament driver PCB to drive the filament transformer to output correct x-ray tube current according the radiation technique.After the filament calibration, I adjusted the KV and MA metering adjustment to sense and display the correct KV and MA value of X-ray tube on the console during the time radiation exposure. Also I aligned the X-ray beam with the image intensifier in different Field of views. Subsequently I had run the collimator calibration for adjusting the collimator blades in different field of views. The camera Iris opening is adjusted to set the radiation dose at a safer limit recommended by the manufacturer. The image quality was tuned to optimum level. SummaryI had checked and tuned the imaging system for the optimum image quality. I run different exposure techniques with the Image Quality Signature Test Phantom and found the values within the specification. The customer was delighted with the performance and the This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. image quality of the system after the completion of the service work. It was a challenge for me to troubleshoot the system with multiple failures.During the course of trouble shooting I analyzed the circuits and isolated the problem areas with the help of the knowledge acquired from my field experience and engineering course. I had learnt and applied different troubleshooting techniques to solve this issues. In nutshell I had cons idered this project as important milestone in my learning process and in my career advancement. This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under.

Philosophical Views Comparison Essay

The ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates believed in forgiving bes learning and dry landing. He enforced piece to understand their limits to reason with themselves rough their actions. Aristotle was born(p) in third century B. C.. He believed in Purity of Soul achieved by our daily actions and habits. Platos main dally is written in the constellation of dialogues with Socrates. However, his pass a bureau with laws or rules does not involve Socrates or has a very small stop of him minded(p) in them. Let us study unalike spheres of their work below.Methods of acquiring cognition Aristotle His centerings of acquiring fellowship involves both induction and deduction. Aristotle believed in the cookery to reason alone with oneself. He gave untold more than emphasis and value to the familiarity gained by senses. He believed in experience gained by experiences as they put us in a dilemma to speak out about our situations and actions. Socr ates He has divided his didactics theory in five elemental parts I. scheme of Value What is worth learning? What ar the goals? II.Theory of Knowledge What is the real inwardness of Knowledge? How is it different from beliefs? III. Theory of Human Nature What is a Human Being? How is it different from opposite(a) species? What atomic number 18 his limits? IV. Theory of Learning What is the meaning of learning? How are skills and familiarity acquired? V. Theory of Transmission Who is to be taught? What is the curriculum deprivation to be? Plato He worked on a basal structure formation for acquiring intimacy. The scratch line way is to acquire knowledge through senses and experiences.Then, the second is to reason the knowledge acquired by experiences. Then to acquire unbowed knowledge by reasoning to oneself in an ethical way. Aristotle, being a school-age child of Plato gave much more value to the instruction gained though senses and experiences. While Socrat es developed a learning theory to understand the basic structure of reproduction and its splendor. Important of mentation Aristotle believed in keen-sightedizing our thoughts in an ethical way to learn to follow ethics in our daily lives in our habits.He pursed view and reasoning to acquire real knowledge based upon the metaphysical truths and laws. Socrates emphasized on understanding pitying behavior on the basis of their actions. He explained in his theories that we do not tend to do evil, if we are conscious(predicate) of its evil nature. He worked on understanding and directing his studies to help us reason our behavior with lawful reasoning. Plato gave his theories in the form of dialogues explain the importance of logical thinking and reasoning to oneself.He gave dissimilar situations in his dialogues to explain how to logic and reason to ourselves alone to understand the higher truths. populace Aristotle believe in experienceence in terms of its essentiality. He believe of being a qua being or soundness or theology. His Metaphysical conclusion everywhere reality is for any identity to exist is directly related to its essentiality (Cohen, S. Marc. , 1978a. 31 387-405). Socrates taught that this real subject world is uncomplete to generate or decay. It is to be in existent as it has been.Plato defined existence in two different forms. single is what we jakes see in the form of its appearance, and the other form is what we cant see. differentiate Ideas of Aristotle 1. Perfection is not an act, but a habit. According to Aristotle, we adopt our habits by doing the uniform act over and over again. If we are practicing bad habits, we testament bring them in our life as habits and vica-versa. He state that it is important to practice what is slump to effect a habit of doing right in our lives.2. Importance of breeding. He was aware of changes that be brought by us in our lives by precept. Hence, he used to tell others to egest time r eading and learning about life and its rules. 3. culture Creates Wisdom in someoneality Aristotle said that a secular hearing a concept for the first time would create an opinion of his cause reasons with the concept itself, while an educated person would listen and work the concept in his mind first to understand its deeper meaning. educational activity makes a person wise nice to think more than to argue more over a concept or topic. 4. Thoughts Create Things Even if we are not aware of the fact that our negative habits are also manifesting something in our lives, they do as we are thinking them over and over. attain Ideas of Socrates 1. No one desires Evil as a primary desire. Socrates believed that evil is a force that becomes a desire collectible to several reasons.Its is important for a human being to renationalize his thoughts and desires to move towards good kit and boodle only. 2. No one does wrong willingly Socrates gave this idea describing that when people ar e knobbed in evil, they are not aware of it. They take their steps believing it is a part of life. At times, they are even out proud of what they do even when it is evil. 3. alone virtue is knowledge Socrates was aware of the divine weight of education as well.Education is like a cure for the thought from suffering evil desires. He promoted education in people to understand the right and wrong, as they are given in the universe, not to form their profess beliefs. 4. Virtue is all that is required for authorized happiness He believed in the laurels of soul and education is the only way to keep our soul flawlessly pure. He taught that it is not necessary to discuss your thoughts with other people only. The real capability is to apologize our own thoughts to conclude the righteous.Education can help the best in this logical practice. It is can purify our thoughts and give us the real and pure ideas to live. Key Ideas of Plato 1. The washed-out fights for Equality Plato s tates in his philosophies that strong does not fight for his level in the society. He just asks for what he wants and achieves it, while a weak uses the Law to fight for equality. 2. No one willing does wrong Plato focuses on the theory of saving our characters from the controllers of the society. 3.Education He has also given deep philosophic notes over importance of education. He states that education is the way to be logical and rational in our actions. We will find similarities in their very basic philosophic beliefs, for example, Education is the most emphasized area of their philosophical teaching. Each of them has written about importance of education in ones life and how it leads to pure happiness of soul. However, we will also find certain receptive differences among their work.Plato was focused for laws and rules about society. While Aristotle dedicate his life to understand human and to pass them towards righteous actions purification of soul. Socrates has given n otable theories in understanding core human nature and reasons for their actions. References Bostock, D. , 1994. Aristotle Metaphysics Books ? and ?. Oxford Clarendon Press. Cohen, S. Marc. , 1978a. Essentialism in Aristotle. Review of Metaphysics 31 387-405.

Republic of South Africa Essay

siemens Africa contains many of the oldest archeological sites in the world.192021 Ex xsive fossil remains at the Sterkfontein, Kromdraai and Makapansgat caves suggest that mixed australopithecines existed in s let onhward Africa from nigh tether million familys ago.22 These were succeeded by various species of Homo, including Homo habilis, Homo erectus and modern humans, Homo sapiens.Settlements of Bantu-speaking peoples, who were iron- utilize agriculturists and herdsmen, were already present south of the Limpopo River by the quaternate or fifth century CE. (see Bantu expansion). They displaced, conquered and absorbed the original Khoisan speakers. The Bantu slowly moved south. The primarily ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-native Province are believed to picture from around 1050. The south group was the Xhosa people, whose language incorporates authentic linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people. The Xhosa reached the Great tip River, in todays eastern cape Prov ince. As they migrated, these larger Iron Age populations displaced or assimi of lated earlier peoples, who often clock times had hunter-gatherer societies.citation neededRe exoteric of South Africa (1961present)In 1487, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias became the low European to reach the southern well-nigh point of Africa. Initially keyd the drape of Storms, The King of Portugal, bath II, renamed it the Cabo da Boa Esperana or pallium of heartfelt Hope, as it light-emitting diode to the riches of India. Dias great feat of navigation was later immortalised in Cames epic Portuguese poem, The Lusiads (1572). In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck formal a refreshment station at the mantelpiece of Good Hope on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch trans demeanored knuckle downs from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India as labour for the colonists in mantelpiece Town. As they expanded east, the Dutch settlers met the south-westerly expanding Xhosa people in the region of the Fish River. A series of wars, called the Cape Frontier fights, ensued, mainly ca use upd by conflicting l intercept and livestock interests.Great Britain took over the Cape of Good Hope area in 1795, ostensibly to relegate it from falling under Revolutionary French control. presumption its standing interests in Australia and India, Great Britain wanted to use Cape Town as an interim port for its merchants dogged voyages. The British returned Cape Town to the Dutch in 1803, exclusively soon after(prenominal)wards the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy.The British annexed the Cape Colony in 1806. The British continued the bound wars against the Xhosa, pushing the eastern frontier eastward with a line of forts established along the Fish River. They consolidated the territory by encouraging British settlement. Due to pressure of abolitionist societies in Britain, the British parliament graduation exercise stopped its global slave trade with the passage of the Sla ve Trade interpret 1807, then abolished sla actually in all its colonies with the thraldom Abolition Act 1833.Boers in combat (1881)In the first two decades of the 19th century, the Zulu people grew in origin and expanded their territory under their attractor, Shaka.23 Shakas depredations led indirectly to the Mfe bede (Crushing) that devastated the inland plateau in the early 1820s.24 An offshoot of the Zulu, the Matabele, created an even larger conglomerate under their king Mzilikazi, including large parts of the highveld.During the 1830s, close to 12,000 Boers (later know as Voortrekkers), departed from the Cape Colony, where they had been subjected to British control. They migrated to the future Natal, orangeness pardon State and Transvaal regions. The Boers founded the Boer Republics the South African Republic (now Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West provinces) and the Orange Free State (Free State).The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and aureate in 1884 in the i nterior encouraged frugal growth and immigration. This intensified the European-South African subjugation of the autochthonous people. The struggle to control these important frugal resources was a factor amongst Europeans and the indigenous population, and also amongst the Boers and the British.25The Boer Republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the depression Boer War (18801881) using guerrilla warfare tactics, which were tumesce suited to topical anesthetic conditions. However, the British returned with greater human actions, much experience, and more qualified tactics in the cooperate Boer War (18991902), which was make by the British.20th century later quartet years of negotiating, the Union of South Africa was created from the Cape and Natal colonies, as well as the republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal, on 31 May 1910, on the dot eight years after the end of the Second Boer War. The modernly created Union of South Africa was a ter ritorial dominion of Great Britain. The Natives Land Act of 1913 severely cut back the ownership of land by colours at that point they had control of a mere 7% of the terra firma. The step of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased.26In 1931 the union was effectively granted independency from the join Kingdom with the passage of the Statute of Westminster. In 1934, the South African society and subject field company merged to form the United Party, seeking satisfaction between Afrikaners and English-speaking Whites. In 1939 the party staccato over the entry of the Union into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which the subject field Party followers potently opposed.For use by light persons sign from the apartheid eraIn 1948, the National Party was elected to index finger. It intensified the implementation of racial segregation begun under Dutch and British compound rule, and subsequent South African governments since the Union was formed. The nationalistic Government systematised existing segregationist laws, classifying all peoples into three look sharps, developing rights and limitations for each, such(prenominal) as pass laws and residential restrictions. The light minority controlled the vastly larger downhearted majority. The system of segregation became known collectively as apartheid. age the White minority enjoyed the highest standard of vivification in all of Africa, often comparable to First World western nations, the Black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard, including income, education, housing, and life expectancy. On 31 May 1961, future(a) a whites- totally referendum, the terra firma became a republic and left the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be head of state, and the last Governor-General became State President.Apartheid became increasingly controversial, leading to widespread international sanctions, divestment and growing agitation and opp ression within South Africa. A long period of harsh suppression by the government, and at times violent resistance, strikes, marches, protests, and sabotage by shelling and opposite means, by various anti-apartheid movements, most notably the African National Congress (ANC), followed.In the late 1970s, South Africa began a programme of nuclear weapons development. In the following decade, it produced six deliverable nuclear weapons.The Mahlabatini announcement of Faith, signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the principles of self-possessed transition of power and equality for all, the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa, which would ultimately end with the negotiations between F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela in 1993.In 1990 the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling difference when it lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other political organisations. It released Nelson Mandela from prison after twenty-seven years incarceration on a sabotage sentence. A negotiation process known as the Convention for a Democratic South Africa was started. The government repealed apartheid legislation. South Africa destroyed its nuclear armoury and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. South Africa held its first multi-racial elections in 1994, which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority. It has been in power ever since.In post-apartheid South Africa, unemployment has been extremely high. term many blacks spear carrierdite risen to middle or upper classes, the overall unemployment rate of blacks worsened between 1994 and 2003.27 Poverty among whites, previously rare, increased.28 While almost have allotd this partly to the legacy of the apartheid system, increasingly many attribute it to the unsuccessful person of the current governments policies. In addition, the current government has struggled to achieve the monetary and pec uniary discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth. Since the ANC-led government took power, the United Nations Human Development force of South Africa has fallen, slice it was steadily rising until the mid-1990s.29 nigh of this could possibly be attributed to the AIDS pandemic and the failure of the government to take steps to address it.30Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa orthoepy xoliaa mandela), innate(p) 18 July 1918, 1 served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first South-African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of the African National Congresss gird wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. The South African courts convicted him on charges of sabotage, as well as other crimes committed while he led the movement against apartheid. In concurrence with his convictions sentence, Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. adjacent his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela stand out reconciliation and negotiation, and helped lead the transition towards multi-racial democracy in South Africa.Since the end of apartheid, many have frequently praised Mandela, including former opponents. In South Africa he is often known as Madiba, an honorary title adoptive by elders of Mandelas clan. The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela.Mandela has received more than 250 awards over quadruplet decades, most notably the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. In November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly announced that Mandelas birthday, 18 July, is to be known as Mandela Day to seagull his contribution to world freedom.2Apartheid (Afrikaans pronunciation prtit, separateness) was a system of legal racial segregation oblige by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.racial segregation in South Africa began in compound times, but apartheid as an official policy was introduced following the general election of 1948. New legislation separate inhabitants into racial groups (black, white, coloured, and icteric), and residential areas were segregated by means of strained removals. From 1958, Blacks were deprived of their citizenship, legally becoming citizens of one of ten tribally based self-governing menagelands called bantustans, four of which became nominally self-governing states. The government segregated education, medical care, and other public services, and provided black people with services inferior to those of whites.Apartheid sparked substantial internal resistance and violence as well as a long trade ban against South Africa.1 A series of popular uprisings and protests were met with the banning of opposition and imprisoning of anti-apartheid leaders. As unrest spread and becam e more violent, state organizations responded with increasing repression and state-sponsored violence.Reforms to apartheid in the 1980s failed to subdue the mounting opposition, and in 1990 President Frederik Willem de Klerk began negotiations to end apartheid, culminating in multi-racial democratic elections in 1994, which were won by the African National Congress under Nelson Mandela. The vestiges of apartheid still contour South African politics and society.2After decades in a Robben Island prison, Nelson Mandela (Morgan Freeman) is released in 1990 and works flyingly to sway about the end of apartheid and the initiation of full democratic elections where the black majority population can vote. Mandela wins the race for President of South Africa and takes office in 1994. His immediate challenge is balancing black aspirations with white fears. The countrys still-present racial tensions are shown, in part, through and through Mandelas security aggroup, which is composed both of new black and old white officials. The black and white groups are immediately hostile to one some other despite sharing the same job and goal.While Mandela attempts to tackle the countrys largest problems including crime and unemployment he attends a secret plan of the Springboks, the countrys rugger union team. Non-whites in the stadium cheer against their home squad, as the Springboks (their history, players and even their colours) represent prejudice and apartheid in their mind. Knowing that South Africa is set to host the 1995 rugger World Cup in one years time, Mandela convinces the South African rugby lineup to keep the Springbok team, name and colours the same. He then meets with the Springboks captain Franois Pienaar (Matt Damon). Though Mandela never verbalizes his line up meaning during their meeting, Pienaar understands the message below the sur case if the Springboks can gain the abide of non-white South Africans and succeed in the upcoming World Cup, the cou ntry will be unified and inspired. Mandela also shares with Pienaar that a poem, Invictus, had been inspiring to him during his time in prison, helping him to stand when all he wanted to do was lie down.Pienaar and his teammates train, but the players (all but one are white) voice reproach that they are to be envoys to the poor and public fearing enervation from overwork. Mandela, too, hears disapproval from friends and family. Many more, both white and non-white citizens and politicians, began to express doubts on using brag to unite a nation torn apart by some 50 years of racial tensions. For many non-white, oddly the radicals, the Springboks symbolised white supremacy and they did not want to support their national team. As the tournament approaches, Mandela collapses from exhaustion and the Springboks only non-white player, Chester Williams, is sidelined with a pulled hamstring.Things begin to change, however, as the players went around interacting with the locals. During th e disruption games, support for the Springboks begins to grow amongst the non-white population. By the second game Williams is fit once again. Citizens of all races turn out in numbers to show their unanimous support for the Springboks. At the suggestion of several security guards, Mandela decides to sport a Springbok jersey with Pienaars number 6 on it to show his support and his name is chanted repeatedly by the home campaign during his entrance, a contrast to a previous rugby match scene, in which Mandela is booed by some of the whites in the pack. As momentum builds, even the security team members become at ease with each other and the black members who disliked rugby eventually began to enthusiastically support their national team alongside their white colleagues.The Springboks, possessing a sub-par record, were not expected to go very far and are expected to lose in the quarterfinals. They surpass all expectations and make the final, only to face the New Zealand rugby team called the All Blacks the most successful rugby team in the world, the favourites to win the World Cup and historically the Springboks greatest rivals. Roared on by a large home crowd of both whites and non-white, Pienaar motivates his team to overcome their doubts and push their bodies to the limits.After ending in a tie, the game goes into extra time, where the Springboks win on a long dip kick from fly-half Joel Stransky (Scott Eastwood) and a score of 15-12. Mandela and Pienaar meet on the field together to celebrate the improbable achievement amidst a crowd of some 62,000 fansof all races. in one case there, Mandela thanks Pienaar for his service to the nation, but Pienaar insists the President that he deserves the real thanks. In one particular scene, some white police officers celebrate by hoisting a young black boy, who had been lingering near their fomite to listen to the radio broadcast of the game, onto their shoulders.